Gray Herbarium
Harvard University
Received
"a
30 June 1914
Dear Ev e 1 i ne
Your assortment of wild flowers were very acceptable :
Orchis ma'culata , Spotted 0. 0. 1 at i f o 1 i a , E r o a d leaved 0,with dark
purple flowers-. Eabenaria bifolia, Lesser Butterfly 0, the greenish
yellow one* Hes’peris matronalis, Dames Violet, is a crucifer and not
a true violet* Lotus pilosus,the Greater Birds-foot- trefoil.
Honeysuckle . Hypericum pulchrum, the Pretty St.John's Wort*
Cotyledon urbilicus, the Navel Wort. Centaur&a s c a b i o s a , the Greater
Knapweed. Carduus campestris, a rare Thistle which does not grow up
here. I retiirn it so to identify it. If you can find a good plant cf
it please sjsnd me one with root, if it is not too much tro ub 1 e .
Chrysanthemum 1 euc anthemum , Ox-eyed Daisy. Chaerophvlum temulum,
the rough Ckervil. I think that about c
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2017 with fundirfg from
, BHL-SIL-FEdLINK *.
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HOAR FROST AT BROM BOROUG H.
SHOTWICK VILLAGE,
THE
I I II I lu >1 I1
CONTENTS
THE WILD FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS GROWING
WITHIN FIFTEEN MILES OF THE LIVERPOOL TOWN HALL,
AND TWO MILES OF SOUTHPORT.
ILLUSTRATIONS 800 DRAWINGS OF THE PLANTS, by Miss
E. M. Wood, Botanical Referee, L.N.F.C.
TWENTY-ONE PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE SCENERY OF THE
DISTRICT, &c. , by J. W. Ellis, M.B., Ch.B., Vic., F.E.S., &c.
THE GEOLOGY OF THE DISTRICT, by J. J. Fitzpatrick, Queen’s
1
Prizeman in Geology, &c.
METEOROLOGICAL NOTES AND TABLES FOR SOUTHPORT,
LIVERPOOL, AND CHESTER, by Rev. J. Cairns Mitchell, B.D.,
F. R.A.S., &c.
INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC AND POPULAR NAMES OF THE
PLANTS.
LARGE MAP OF THE DISTRICT.
SOME WORKERS OF THE FIELD CLUB, 1901.
INTRODUCTION.
SOURCES OF THE LIVERPOOL FLORA.
J^R. W. Withering, F.R.S., published his Arrangement cf
British Plants , in six volumes, between 1776 and 1818.
He gives local stations for some of our plants. His work is
referred to in these pages as (W).
Mr. T. B. Hall published, in 1845, the first local Flora
of Liverpool. His work is referred to as (H).
Dr. J. Dickinson, in 1851, issued a second Flora of
Liverpool in the Transactions of the Literary and Philo-
sophical Society of Liverpool. This was followed, in 1855,
by an extensive supplement. His work is referred to as (D).
Since the latter date, various articles and lists relating to
the botany of the district have been published in the Transac-
tions of local Societies, and in different Natural History
publications.
The Liverpool Naturalists Field Club, which was
founded in i860, published, in 1872, the well known Flora
of Liverpool , which was compiled from the above sources,
together with the observations of a committee who explored
the district for this purpose.
This Club added three appendices to this Flora in 1873,
1875, and 1887 respectively, and, since then, some additions
have been published in the annual Proceedings of the Club.
During the thirty years that have elapsed since the pub-
lication of the last Flora, some species new to the district,
and many new stations for species already noted, have been
observed ; and also some species have, it is feared, become
VI
INTRODUCTION
extinct, or have become much more scarce. Reasons for the
latter are not far to seek : —
1. — Owing to the enormous growth of population on both
sides of the Mersey, buildings now occupy the former stations
of many notable plants.
2. — Farming is done better than it used to be ; the land is
better drained, waste land is reclaimed, cultivated ground is
kept more free from “ weeds,” the great yawning ditches
covered over by straggling hedges are mostly things of the
past, and even “ common ” lands and roadside borders are not
so extensive as they used to be, despite the exertions of the
Wirral Footpaths and Open Spaces Preservation Society.
Owing to the more careful cleaning of seeds, “ casuals ” are
now-a-days less frequently met with in the cultivated fields.
3. — Nor should we omit to notice the wholesale depreda-
tions of herb and fern gatherers, and also of unwise field
naturalists, who, with a passing fancy, pull a plant up by the
roots, and presently, wearying of it, drop it on the road where
it has no chance to propagate its species. I fear, also, that
the prize once given by the Field Club for the “three rarest
plants,” — now happily discarded these ten years — is respon-
sible for the diminution if not extinction of some of our most
notable plants, such as the Lycopods.
From a consideration of the foregoing, it will be conceded
that a new edition of our Flora is required.
With this end in view a committee was appointed by the
Liverpool Naturalists’ Field Club to revise the old Flora,
Appendices, &c.
The following members of the Club served upon it in
1893-4, viz. : —
Mr. Robert Brown, past President and Botanical Referee.
Mr. A. K. Bulley, Member of the General Committee.
Dr. C. Theodore Green, F.L.S., President, 1901.
INTRODUCTION.
Vll
Dr. J. W. Ellis, F.E.S., past President and Secretary.
Mr. J. Mackarell, past Secretary.
Mr. W. H. Holt, past President.
Miss E. M. Wood, Botanical Referee.
Some critical genera, such as Rubus and Rosa, &c., were
not revised by this committee, nor was much attention paid
to varieties or sub-species which now-a-days tend to become
so numerous. The plan adopted was for each member in turn
to write out a few pages of the old Flora, &c., at home.
These were read out and amended at the next session of the
committee. This method was continued until the book was
written out. These rough MSS. were then left as they were,
as there were no funds available for their publication. Eight
years have elapsed, and as no one else appeared who would
devote the necessary labour and capital to the production of
the new edition, the Committee of the Liverpool Naturalists’
Field Club authorised the present editor to undertake the
work at his own charges.
As that work, which has been a labour of love, is now
finished, it may be pointed out that this edition is not the
mere catalogue of Plant and Locality that most local Floras
are. The present editor has long felt that in order properly
to study the plants of a given area, data should be given for
considering the conditions under which they flourish. He
therefore considers that he has been fortunate in obtaining
the collaboration of the following, viz : —
Mr. J. J. Fitzpatrick has written a most interesting and
instructive chapter descriptive of the soil and rock of our
district.
The Rev. J. Cairns Mitchell, B.D., F.R.A.S., has,
with much labour, supplied meteorological notes and tables
shewing the climatic influences at work at Southport, Liver-
pool and Chester.
Vlll
INTRODUCTION.
Dr. J. W. Ellis, F.E.S., past President of Liverpool
Photographic Society, at much expenditure of both time and
money to himself, has taken photographs of many of our
“happy hunting grounds,” so that strangers may understand
the nature of our country, its sandhills, moors, ponds and
woods.
The other special features of this edition are as follows : —
Through the great generosity of a very old member of
the Field Club, Mr. Charles Gatehouse, it has been
possible to provide illustrations of most of our local plants,
drawn from nature by the able hand of Miss E. M. Wood,
Botanical Referee to the Field Club.
A good map of the district is inserted.
A copious index has been provided, shewing both the
Latin and English names of plants, with many cross refer-
ences, having some 1,760 entries, as against 463 (Latin genera
only) in the edition of 1872.
The inclusion of many casual plants of both British and
foreign origin.
The area for description is as follows : the parts of Lanca-
shire and Cheshire, and the littoral of Flintshire, within a
radius of fifteen miles from the Liverpool Town Hall, making
an exception with regard to Southport, in taking an additional
area of two miles around that town. The addition of South-
port is made on account of the many interesting plants found
there, and because the same ground was included in the Flora
of Dr. Dickinson, and that of 1872.
The portion of Flintshire that is included has not been
fully observed, nor all its plants noted, chiefly owing to the
difficulty of access from Liverpool and Wirral.
On the Wirral side of the Dee rather an anomalous con-
dition obtains, for the bed of the river now lies some two
miles S.W. of the position it occupied when the county
INTRODUCTION.
IX
boundaries of Cheshire and Flintshire were fixed, therefore
the fat alluvial plain, appropriately known as “The Sealands,”
and which extends from near Burton Point to near Chester;
and which lies between the present bed and the ancient bank
of the Dee, is really in Flintshire, although on the Cheshire
side of the river.
Total area about 500 square miles. Coast line about
80 miles.
Casuals. — There is probably no district in the kingdom
which is so rich in casual plants of both British and foreign
origin as ours, owing to the immense over-sea traffic to the
port of Liverpool.
When ships arrive in ballast, their contents are deposited
about the docks, and thus many species find a home, very
temporary in most cases, but some show signs of becoming
naturalised, as they recur in most years about the docks on
both sides of the Mersey, and the canal banks, especially
about Aintree.
When recording casuals and the rarer species, dates
should always be given. In the present work this has been
done whenever possible.
The arrangement of the orders, genera and species is that
of the 8th edition of the London Catalogue of British Plants,
1890. This edition was followed by the Flora Committee of
1893, and the present editor has not altered the nomenclature
so as to harmonise with the later edition on account of the
too numerous alterations and unfamiliar terms therein em-
ployed, except in a few instances.
The following terms are employed to indicate the claim
each species has to a place on our list, viz. : —
Native, indigenous to the “ Liverpool District.”
Colonist, a plant indigenous to Britain, but not native in
this district.
X
INTRODUCTION.
Denizen, an escape from cultivation.
Casual, a plant, either British or foreign, that only
appears for a season or two.
Alien, a plant of non-British origin, whether naturalised
or not.
The following abbreviations are used, showing the duration
of a plant, viz. : — A, annual ; B, biennial ; P, perennial ; the
time of flowering by the numerals I to XII, for the months;
and the counties, L., Lancashire; C., Cheshire; F., Flint-
shire.
The editor desires here to thank his collaborators for their
personal help, given so freely, both on his own behalf, and
also on that of the entire district, especially Dr. J. W.
Ellis, F.E.S., Mr. J. J. Fitzpatrick, Rev. J. Cairns Mitchell,
B.D., F.R.A.S., and Mr. J. A. Wheldon, F.L.S.; and also
Messrs. H. Bell, J.P., A. K. Bulley, H. H. Hinson, A. P.
Thomas, and Col. C. A. Whitney, V.D., whose donations
helped forward the work ; and especially Mr. C. Gatehouse,
by whose generosity we are able to show figures for nearly
all the plants.
To those, and they are many, whose work in the world
brings sense of weariness, let me offer the solace that the
study of nature brings, so well expressed by Longfellow,
when he wrote of that student of nature, Charles Kingsley —
And Nature, the old Nurse, took
The child upon her knee,
Saying, “ Here is a story book
Thy Father has written for thee.
k‘ Come wander with me,” she said,
“ Into regions yet untrod,
And read what is still unread
In the manuscript of God.”
INTRODUCTION.
XI
And he wandered away and away
With Nature, the dear old Nurse,
Who sang to him night and day,
The rhymes of the Universe.
And whenever the way seemed long,
Or his heart began to fail,
She would sing a more wonderful song
Or tell a more wonderful tale.
The editor will be very glad to receive notice of any errata
or omissions that may be found in this book ; and also
notice of any new species, whether native or casual, giving
the locality and date ; or any new stations of the rarer plants
already noted ; or of the extinction of any of the present
records.
C. THEODORE GREEN.
OXTON,
Cheshire, 1902.
NAMES OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FLORA , WITH
THE ABBREVIATIONS USED.
Dr. W. Withering’s Flora ,
R. D. Brown
- R. D. B.
1776-1818
- W.
A. K. Bulley
- A. K. B.
Mr. T. B. Hall’s Flora , 1845
H.
J. W. Burton
- J. W. B.
Dr. J. Dickinson’s Flora, 1851
-5 - D
Richard Buxton -
R. Buxton.
Miss Archer -
Miss A.
C. T. Capper
- C. T. C.
F. Archer - - -
F. A.
Dr. B. Carrington
- Dr. B. C.
Mr. C. Bailey
C. B.
H. Chapman
H. C.
Mr. Baker -
Mr. B.
Dr. Collingwood -
Dr. C.
Miss Bingham
Miss B.
Miss Cooke -
Miss C.
Thomas Birks
T. B.
C. F. Court -
- C. F. C.
Mrs. F. Boult
Mrs. F. B.
Robert Craig
R. C.
Mrs. S. Boult
Mrs. S. B.
Edward Davies, F.I.C
, F.C.S.
E D.
J. E. Bowman
J. E. B.
R. H. Day -
- R. H. D.
C. H. Brown
C. H. B.
Mrs. J. Deighton -
- Mrs. J. D.
Miss J. Brown ...
Miss J. B.
Miss S. Dowie
Miss D.
Robert Brown ...
R. B.
Dr. J. W. Ellis, F.E.S
., &c.
Dr. E.
Xll
INTRODUCTION.
NAMES OF CONTRIBUTORS — continued.
Dr. Fell
Dr. F.
E. D. Fish -
- E. D. F.
Henry F. Fisher -
H. S F.
J Garside
J.G.
Rev. S. Gasking, F.L.S.,
, &c. Rev. G.
H. Gibbons, Jun. -
H. G., Jun.
Thomas Gibson, Sen. -
T. G.
Mrs. T. Gibson, Jun. Mrs. T. G., Jun.
T. Glover
- T. Glover.
Miss Gouthwaite -
Miss G.
Dr. C. Theodore Green,
F.L.S.,
&c. -
Dr. G
C. S. Gregson
- C S. G.
Miss C. Grundy -
Miss C. G.
Mrs. C. Grundy -
Mrs. C. G.
J. Harrison -
J.H.
William Harrison
W. H.
W. H. Hatcher -
- W. H. H.
J. Hicking
J- Hg.
Rev. H. H. Higgins
- Rev. H.
H. Longuet Higgins
- H. L. H.
Miss M. L. Higgins
Miss M. L. H.
T. Holden -
T. H.
W. H. Holt -
W. H. Holt.
G. G. Hunt -
- G. G. H
Miss Agnes Hunter
Miss A. H.
Miss Helen Hunter
Miss H. H.
Miss E. Jee -
- Miss E. J.
Miss Johnstone
Miss J.
W. S. Laverock, B.Sc.
- W. S. L.
J H. Lewis -
- J. H. L.
Miss Lowe -
Miss L.
George Kirk
G. K.
J. MacDonald
- J. MacD.
James Mackarell -
J. M.
Frederick P. Marratt -
- F. P. M.
A. Murray -
A. M.
Rev. W. W. Newbould
- W. W. N.
Mr. Palgrave
Mr. Palgrave.
J. Peers ...
J. P.
Mr. Pleasant
Mr. PI.
J. Price
J. Price.
Miss Richmond
Miss Rich :
J. F. Robinson
- J. F. R.
Miss Rowe -
Miss R.
James Shillito
J.S.
William Skelhorne
w. s.
Henry Eckroyd Smith -
- H. E. S.
Herbert Spence -
H. S.
Lord de Tabley
Lord de T.
William P. Thompson -
- W. P. T.
Charles Tomkinson
C. T.
R. Tudor
R. T-
J. Vicars ...
J. V.
T. D. Walker
- T. D. W.
Miss Wall -
Miss Wall.
Walter Wardell -
W. W.
Frederick M. Webb
- F. M. W.
J. A. Wheldon, F.L.S. -
- J. A. W.
Dr. Wiggles worth
Dr. W.
Thomas Williams
T. W.
Miss E. M. Wood
- Miss W.
Mrs. E. M. Wood
Mrs. W.
Herbert B. Wood
- H. B. W.
J. L. Woolfall
- J. L. W.
A STUDY OF HYACINTHS-SPEKE WOODS.
SPEKE HALL— SOUTH FRONT.
THE
FLORA OF LIVERPOOL.
DESCRIPTIONS AND
DRAWINGS.
Class X.— DICOTYLEDONES.
Division I. — Thalamiflorae.
RANUNCULACE/E.
Clematis (L.).
C. Vitalba. (L.). Fig. 1. Travellers’ Joy. Denizen. Shrub. VII.
Hedges and thickets. Occasionally found, but always intro-
duced, or an escape from cultivation.
C. A large trailing shrub on, the sandhills between Wallasey
and Leasowe (Missw.; Dr. e.).
F. Several creeping bushes among the stones on the East
Cop at Queensferry (r.b.).
Thalictrum (L.). Meadow-Rue.
T. minus (L.). Fig. 2. Lesser Meadow-Rue. Native. P. VI, VII.
a. maritimum {Syme).
Sandhills and claybanks. Rare arid local.
C. Little Eye and Hilbre (H.). Sandhills close to the
shore at West Kirby (f.m.w.). At intervals along the river
bank between West Kirby and Heswall (j.e.b.).
Note. — The plant growing on the claybanks of the River Dee differs
considerably in habit from that found at Hilbre and West Kirby, and is
probably T. montanum ( Wallroth ). It agrees also with T. calcareum (Jordan).
T. flavum (L.). Fig. 3. Great or Yellow Meadow-Rue. Native.
P. VI, VII.
Wet fields and ditch sides. Frequent.
L. Banks of River Mersey below Speke Hall. Between
Lydiate Railway Station and River Alt.
C. Ditches about Leasowe and Great Meols, and in the
Langfields between Hoylake and West Kirby. Between Ince
and River Gowey. Ditch sides below Helsby.
Anemone (L.).
A. nemorosa (L.). Fig. 4. Wood Anemone or Wind Flower.
Native. P. III-V.
Woods and bushy places, common. In pastures, occasional.
4
Adonis (L.).
A. autumnalis ( L .)„ Autumnal Pheasant’s Eye. Alien. A. VII.
Cornfields, very rare. Introduced with seed.
L. Has been found at Crosby (H.).
C. Gillbrook (H.). i860, Sutton (Miss l.).
Ranunculus (L.). Crowfoot.
R. circinatus ( Sibth .). Fig. 5. Rigid-leaved Water Crowfoot.
Native. P. VI-VIII.
Ponds and ditches, occasional.
L. 1875, Hitches between Hightown Railway Station and
Lady Green (r.b.).
C. Ditches about Bidston Marsh (H. ; Miss w., 1893). Deep
pond by Park Road North, Birkenhead (h.s.f.). 1875,
Ponds and ditches about Leasowe, and in the Birket near
Great Meols (f.m.w. ; r.b.). Near Raby (f.m.w.). Parkgate
(Mr. Pleasant.). Ditch between Ince and River Gowey ; near
Ellesmere Port ; inland of Stanney Mill (r.b.).
R. f! u i tans [Lam.). Fig.Q. River Crowfoot. Native. P. VII, VIII.
Running water. Very rare.
C. At intervals in the S. U. Canal between Mollington
Viaduct and Chorlton Bridge (LorddeT. ; f.m.w.). 1888, abun-
dant in Thornton Brook, about one mile west of Ince (r.b.).
R. trichophyllus ( Chaix .). Water Fennel. Native. P. V-VII.
Ponds and ditches. Rare.
C. Between Thurstaston and River Dee (r.b.). Near Wil-
laston (Dr. g.). From Bidston to Leasowe (f.m.w.).
R. Drouetti ( Godr .). Drouet’s Water Crowfoot. Native. P. V-VII.
Ponds and ditches. Rare.
L. Ditch by the roadside between Great Crosby and Thorn-
ton (f.m.w.).
C. Ditch between Bidston and Leasowe (f.m.w.). Bidston
Marsh (di. g., 1895) 5 1889, Ditch by the footpath from
Great Meols to New House Farm, after crossing the rail-
way (r.b.).
R. heterophyllus (Web. ex p.). Various-leaved Water Crowfoot.
Native. P. V-VIII.
Ponds and ditches. Common.
R. diversifolius.
L. 1899, Ditches at Lydiate (j.a.w.).
Note. — In Top. Bot., ed. ii, this species is only recorded in 60, S. Lancs.,
and 58, Chester. It should therefore be further looked for on both sides
of the Mersey.
Fig. 7. RANUNCULUS FLORI BUNDUS.
Fig. 8. RANUNCULUS LENORMANDI.
5
R. peltatus ( Schrank .). Large-flowered Water Crowfoot. Native.
P. IV-VIII.
Ponds and ditches. Common.
c. floribundus (Bab.). Fig. 7.
L. Near Formby (r.b.).
C. Bidston Ford (f.m.w.). Willaston; Ness; Whitby (Dr. g.).
R. Baudotii (Godr.). Baudot’s Water Crowfoot. Native. P. V-VIII.
Ponds and ditches near the sea. Rare.
L. Pond near old Formby Church, near the coast (j.h.l.).
C. About the upper part of Wallasey Pool and Bidston
Marsh (f.m.w.). 1895, Ponds about Willaston and Great
Saughall (Dr. g.). 1888, Ince Marsh (r.b.).
R. Lenormandi ( F . Schultz). Fig. 8. Lenormand’s Mud Crowfoot.
Native. P. V-VIII.
Shallow ditches. Rare.
L. Wavertree (D.). Aintree (f.m.w.). 1875, Ditches between
Little Melling and Ashcroft Farm ; Pond a short distance
beyond Scarth Hill towards Bickerstaffe (r.b.). 1888, Damp
hollow S.E. of Upholland (Field club). Around Skelmersdale
(Rev. G.).
C. Ditch by the side of Upton Road near Claughton Village ;
and in ditches on Oxton Heath (f.m.w.). 1894, confirmed
(j.A.W.).
R. hederaceus (L.). Ivy-leaved Mud Crowfoot. Native. P. IV-IX.
Shallow ditches, ponds, and on mud. Common.
R. sceleratus (L.). Fig. 9. Celery-leaved Crowfoot. Native.
A. V-IX.
By and in ditches and ponds. Common.
R. Flammula (L.). Lesser Spearwort. Native. A. VI-1X.
In ditches and wet places. Very common.
b. pseudo-reptans (Syme).
L. Upholland (Rev. g.).
C. Oxton (Dr. G.). Thornton (Miss w.).
F. Behind Flint (r.b.).
R. Lingua (L.). Fig. 10. Greater Spearwort. Native. P. VI-VII1.
In ditches and marshy places. Occasional.
L. Crosby (W.). Formby; Southport (D.). At Sankey in
an old pond near the Liverpool and Warrington highway
(j.p.). Pond on the W. slope of Billinge Beacon ; 1875, Pitch
near Rainford Moss; 1889, Ditches between Lydiate and
River Alt (r.b.). Ditch at Upholland (Rev. g.).
6
C. Ditches at Norton (j.p.). Frodsham (j.f.r.). Raby (w.p.t.).
The Langfields near West Kirby; Wimbolds Trafford
(f.m.w. ; h.s.f.). Ponds near Willaston ; and near Mol-
lington (Dr. g.).
R. auricomus (L.). Fig. 11. Goldilocks or Wood Crowfoot.
Native. P. IV, V.
Woods and thickets. Occasional.
L. In the woods at Croxteth ; Woods at Deysbrook, West
Derby; and near Wavertree (D.). Kirkby.
C. In the Weaver Valley (j.f.r.). In Prenton Vale (f.m.w. ;
h.s.f.). 1877, Lane near Gayton ; and near Leighton Hall;
about Shotwick Dale and the Queensferry Road ; Lane from
Puddington to the shore ; By a footpath on E. side of
Mollington Railway Station; Crabwall Dell between Mol-
lington and L. Saughall (r.b.).
R. acris (L.). Meadow Crowfoot or Buttercup. Native. P. V-VIII.
In fields and by waysides. Very common.
b. Bor&anus, Jord. ( L .). In several places about Walton and
Aintree (j.a.w.).
R. repens (L.). Fig. 12. Creeping Crowfoot or Buttercup. Native.
P. V-VIII.
In damp fields and roadside ditches. Very common.
R. bulbosus (L.). Fig. 13. Bulbous Crowfoot or Buttercup.
Native. P. V-VIII.
Fields, sandhills. Very common.
R. Sardous ( Crantz ). Hairy Crowfoot or Buttercup. Native.
A. V-VIII.
(R. hirsutus) (Curt). Waste land, fields, roadsides. Occasional.
L. Garston (H.). Crosby; Formby ; 1863, Southport (D.).
Sandhills about Ainsdale, very small ^f.m.w. ; h.s.f.). Ditton
Marsh (t.g.).
C. Bidston Heath (H.). Near Wallasey Pool (D.). Waste
places about Claughton Village and Saughall Massie ;
Shingle S. of Denhall Colliery (Lord de t.; f.m.w. ; &c.). Road-
side between Great and Little Storeton (r.b.).
R. parviflorus (L.). Small flowered Crowfoot or Buttercup. Native.
A. V-VII.
Dry banks, cornfields. Very rare.
L. Has been found at Crosby and Bootle (W.).
C. Cornfields near Upton; roadside on Grange Hill, West
Kirby; sandy lanes about Hoylake, 1864; Frankby (D.). i860,
By the side of Upton Road near the cutting (f.p.m.; h.s.f.),
now lost.
Fig. 11. RANUNCULUS AURICOMUS.
Fig. 13. RANUNCULUS BULBOSUS.
Fig. 17.
7
R. arvensis (L.). Corn Crowfoot. Colonist. A. VI-VIII.
Cornfields. Occasional.
Note. — Has been reported from time to time in various parts of the
district, according to cultivation.
C. 1896, Holm Lane, Oxton (MissH. h.; Dr. g.).
R. Ficaria (L.). Fig . 15. Pilewort or Lesser Celandine. Native.
P. IV-VI.
Damp shady places. Very common.
Note. — Our plant is the variety, diver gens (F. Schultz).
R. Pennsylvanicus has appeared as a casual at Birkenhead Docks.
(h.s.f.).
Cal t ha ( L .).
C. palustris [L.). Fig. 15. Marsh Marigold, Water-Golden.
Native. P. III-VI.
By ditch and pond sides, marshes and wet meadows.
a. vulgaris [Schott). Common.
h. Guerangerii [Boveau). Has been found with us.
c. minor [Synie).
L. Speke (t.g.).
Aquilegia (L.).
A. vulgaris (L.). Fig. 15. Columbine. (?) Native or denizen.
P. V, VI.
Woods, &c. Very rare.
L. By the brookside in Lathom New Park, and several other
places about Lathom in dry situations (t.w.).
C. In Bromborough Woods near the railway (w.h.h.; Rev. h.).
Note. — Probably originally introduced, but now naturalised.
Aeon i turn [. L .).
A. Napellus (L.). Monkshood. Alien. P. VI.
Note. — Has been recorded, but only as an escape from cultivation.
Delphinium (L.).
D. Ajacis [Reich.). Fig. 17. Larkspur. Alien. A. VI-IX.
L. 1880, Birkdale sandhills (Dr. g.).
C. 1872, Abundant amongst rye near the path from Hoylake
to the Hill Houses, West Kirby (f.m.w. ; h.s f.).
D. Consolida [L.). Has been recorded, but only as an escape from
cultivation.
Authorities. — For R. acris and its segregates, see F. Townsend F.L.S., in
Journ. Bot., 1900, p. 379. For the Batrachian Ranunculi, see Hiern’s Key,
and H. and G. Groves.
8
BERBERIDACE^E.
Berberis ( L .).
B. vulgaris ( L .). Fig. 18. Barberry. (?) Native or denizen. Shrub
V-VIII.
Hedges and woods. Rare.
L. Knowsley woods ; hedges at Aigburth ; Simmonswood
Moss, very stunted and truly indigenous (D.). One bush in
a field on the east side of the railway between Waterloo and
Crosby (f.m.w. ; r.b.).
C. Bromborough, &c. (D.). Large hedges of it at Kingsley;
Netherton, sparingly (j.f.r.). 1875, Several bushes in Heath
Lane, Stoke (r.b.) ; there in 1901 (Dr. g.).
NYMPHiEACE^.
Nuphar ( Sm .).
N. Luteum (Sm.). Fig. 19. Yellow Water Lily. Brandy Bottle.
Native. P. VII, VIII.
Ponds and streams. Occasional.
L. In River Alt at Formby (W.). In the same stream at
Altcar and Maghull (t.w.). Southport (D.). In a pond near
the iarge stone quarry at Knowsley.
C. Near New Ferry (H.), now gone. In the river that runs
through Thornton Marsh (D.). Frodsham (j.f.r.). River
Gowey at Plemstall (r.b.). Pond at Woodchurch Rectory;
pond by Hadlow Road Station, (?) planted there (Dr. g.).
Nymphsea (L.).
N. alba (L.). Fig. 20. White Water Lily. Native. P. VII.
In ponds and streams. Frequent.
L. Speke; Hale; West Derby.
C. In numerous ponds about Hooton, Willaston, Ledsham,
and Capenhurst.
PAPAVERACEAE.
Papaver (L.).
P. somniferum (L.). White or Garden Poppy. Alien. A. VII.
(P. hor tense, Hussenot).
Cornfields. Rare.
L. 1848, Sefton (D.). Hale (h.s.f.). Sandhills at Hall Road.
1892, Railway banks at Aintree (j.a.w.).
C. 1863, The Sandcroft, Claughton (f.m.w.).
Note. — In all cases it arises from introduction with seed.
Fig. 21. PAPAVER RH/EAS.
Fig. 22. PAPAVER DUBIUM.
9
P. Rhaeas (. L .). Fig. 21. Scarlet Poppy. Native. A. VI, VII.
Cornfields, cultivated ground, and sandy places. Frequent.
Especially common about Great Meols and Great Saughall.
P. dubium (L.). Fig. 22. Long smooth-headed Poppy. Native.
A. VI, VII.
a. P. Lamottei (. Boveau ).
Cornfields and cultivated ground. Common.
b. Lecoqii (. Lamotte ). 1872, Sefton Park (j.h.l.). Hale (t.b.).
P. Argemone (L.). Fig. 23. Long prickly-headed Poppy. Native.
A. V-VII.
Cornfields, roadsides and waste places. Common.
Glaucium ( Tottrnef ).
G. flavum ( Crantz ). Fig. 24. Yellow-horned Poppy. Native.
B. or P. V-VIII.
Seashores. Occasional.
L. North shore, near the mouth of River Alt (W.). Near
the Grange landmark, Formby; Southport (D.). All the
above places probably refer to the same locality. It has not
been seen of late years in the Lancashire portion of the district.
C. Parkgate and Hoylake (D.). New Brighton (h.e.s.). Bur-
ton Rocks (j.s.). 1877, Shore of River Dee, between Burton
Point and Denhall (r.b.). 1886, A single plant between
Bebington and Raby Mere (r.h.d.).
Chelldonium ( L .).
C. majus (L.). Fig. 25. Greater Celandine. Native. P. V-VIII.
Hedgebanks, &c., generally inland, and especially about old
villages. Occasional.
L. Allerton (H.). Southport; Aigburth ; Garston ; West
Derby ; Mossley Hill (D.). Dry banks, Castle Lane,
Lathom (t.w.). Aintree; Old lane in Formby Village (f.m.w.).
Hedgebanks at Hightown and Dungeon (r.b.).
C. Thornton; Eastham (D.). Frodsham (j.f.r.). Near Gay ton
Hall (r.b.). About Backford ; Capenhurst ; Hooton; Wil-
laston ; Puddington ; Great Saughall; Upton; near Bir-
kenhead (Dr. G.).
FUMARIACEiE.
Corydalis ( D.C. ).
C. lutea (D. C.). Fig. 26. Yellow Fumitory. Denizen. P. VI-VIII.
On old walls. Very rare. Either planted or an outcast.
L. On an old wall at Broadgreen (D.). (?) Extinct.
10
C. Naturalised on an old wall at Owen’s Farm, Little
Neston (r.h.d.). Confirmed, 1901 (Dr. g.).
F. Naturalised on a wall behind Mostyn (r.b.).
C. claviculata ( D . C.). Fig. 27. White Climbing Fumitory. Native.
P. VI, VII.
In woods and bushy places, generally in hilly districts. Occa-
sional.
L. Crosby (H.). Southport; Formby; near Gill Moss
Chapel (D.). Billinge Hill, very sparingly (t.w.).
C. Upton (D.). Frodsham (j.f.r.). Helsby Hill, and extend-
ing towards Alvanley (r.b.). In several places about Bidston
Hill (f.m.w. ; &c.) . Dibbinsdale (Dr. G-).
Fu maria (L.).
F. pallidlflora ( Jord .). Fig. 28. Rampant Fumitory. Native. A.
VI-IX.
Hedgebanks and cultivated ground. Rare.
L. Ormskirk, very sparingly (f.m.w.).
C. 1859, Hedgebank at Poulton (h.s.f.), now perhaps extinct.
1866, Garden at Prenton Hall; West Kirby (f.m.w.; h.s.f.).
1882, By the footpath between Brimstage and New Hall (j.v.).
b. Borczi (Jord.). Cultivated ground. Very rare.
L. This appears to be a frequent sub-species in S. Lan-
cashire (f.m.w.).
C. 1862, In a wheat field at West Kirby (f.m.w.). About
Newton and Frankby (Dr. g.).
F. confusa (Jord.). Native. A. VI-IX.
Cultivated ground and borders of fields. Common.
F. officinalis (L.). Fig. 29. Common Fumitory. Native. A. V-IX.
Cultivated ground and borders of fields. Common.
Authority for the Capreolate Fumitories, H. W. Pugsley, B.A., in Journ.
Bot., vol. xl, p. 129, et seq.
CRUCIFERS.
Cheiranthus (L.).
C. Cheiri (L.). Wallflower. Denizen. P. IV-VI.
On walls. Rare, and always escaped from gardens.
C. On old walls at Gayton (D.). Old walls at Wallasey
(f.m.w.). 1877, Rocks at Burton Point, stated to have been
introduced (r.b.). On outhouses in Burton Village ; Rocks
at Hilbie (Dr. g.).
Nasturtium (R. Br.).
N. officinale (R. Br.). Fig. 30. Watercress. Native. B. VI, VII.
Ditches, &c. Common.
II
N. palustre ( D . C.). Fig. 31. Marsh Yellow Cress. Native.
P. VI-IX.
Wet places, or where water has stood. Frequent.
L. Near Aintree Village.
C. About Leasowe ; Raby ; Overpool.
N. amphibium ( R . Br.). Fig. 32. Great or Amphibious Yellow
Cress. Native. P. VI-VIII.
Watery places. Rare.
L. Formby and Southport (D.). (?) extinct.
C. Many ditches from Leasowe to West Kirby, extending
inland to near Saughall Massie (D. ; &c.).
Barbarea ( R . By.). Yellow Rocket.
B. vulgaris (R. Br.). Fig. 33. Winter Cress or Yellow Rocket.
Native. B. or P. V-VIII.
Damp places. Frequent.
C. Raby Mere ; Newton cum Larton ; Backford ; Shotwick.
B. intermedia ( Boreau ). Denizen. Cultivated fields. Very rare.
B. V-VII.
L. 1862, Among Rye grass in a field at West Derby (Flora
Committee) .
C. 1866, in a field of turnips near Hooton (f.m.w.).
B. praecox ( R . Br.). Early Winter Cress. Alien. B. V-VII.
Cultivated ground and roadsides. Occasional.
L. 1891, Borders of fields near Kirkby ; Railway bank near
Aintree, 1893 (j-A.w.).
C. Raby ; Greasby ; Ness (Dr. g.).
B. stricta [Andre). Native. B. V-VIII.
C. By the wooden bridge over the mill brook before entering
the lane up to Stoke (f.m.w. ; w.w.n.). Needs recent con-
firmation.
Arabis (. L .). Rock Cress.
A. sagittata ( D . C.). Fig. 34. Hairy Rock Cress. Native.
B. VI-VIII.
(A hirsuta, Syme).
Sandhills. Occasional.
L. Formby.
C. 1883, in a narrow lane leading from near Meols Station
towards Greasby (r.b.). Shotwick ; Sandhills about Wallasey
(Dr. G.).
12
Cardamine (A.). Bitter Cress.
C. amara ( A .). Fig. 35. Bitter Cress or Ladies’ Smock. Native.
P. V, VI.
Moist places in woods. Rare.
L. West Derby (H.). In ditches at Melling (D.). Dean
Wood, Upholland (Field club). Weaver Valley (j.f.r.). Crox-
teth Park (r.b.). 1887, Simmonswood Brook, above the mill
dam, near Kirkby (e.d.).
C. 1875, Ashton Brook, one and a half miles E. of Dunham
on the Hill ; Banks of Thornton Brook, one mile W. of Ince
(R.B.).
C. pratensis (A.). Fig. 36. Cuckoo Flower or May Flower.
Native. P. IV-VI.
Moist meadows and ditch sides. Very common.
C. hirsuta (A.). Fig. 37. Hairy-leaved Ladies’ Smock. Native.
A., B. or P. IV-VIII.
Walls, dry banks, &c. Very common.
C. flexuosa {With.). Zig-zag Ladies’ Smock. Native. V.
By the sides of ponds and streams. Frequent.
C. Hooton ; Backford ; &c.
Alyssum (L.).
A. maritimum (A.). Fig. 38. Sweet Alyssum. Alien. A. or P.
VI-VIII.
Sandy ground near the sea. Very rare.
L. Sandhills near Waterloo (D.), and is still to be found
there, and about Crosby. In a sandy lane between Formby
and Freshfield (r.d.b.) ; Southport (j Hg.).
C. West Kirby ; 1895, Hoylake ; 1896, Wallasey (Dr. g.).
A. incanum (A.). Was found as a Casual, 1894, about the Birken-
head Docks (r.b.).
Erophila ( D.C. ). Whitlow Grass.
E. vulgaris (D.C.). Fig. 39. Whitlow Grass. Native. A. III-V.
{Dr aba vtrna, A.).
Banks, rocks, walls, sandhills, &c. Frequent.
L. 1887, Road between Jericho Lane and Otterspool Station,
probably introduced with ships’ ballast (r.b.).
C. Netherton (j.f.r.). On an old wall at Tranmere; about
and on walls at Wallasey and Prenton (h.s.f.). 1878, Rocky
ground in Caldy village ('r.b.).
Note — Many additional localities might be cited. More frequent in
Cheshire than S. Lancashire.
Fig. 41 COCHLEARIA DANICA.
13
Cochlearla (L.). Scurvy Grass.
C. Armoracia ( L .). Horse radish. Alien. P. V.
Waste ground, as an escape from cultivation. Occasional.
C. Near Warren Station Wallasey; near Prenton, &c. (Dr. g.).
C. anglica (L.). Fig. 50. Long-leaved Scurvy Grass. Native.
B. or P. V-VIII.
Muddy places near the sea. Frequent.
b. hovtii (Syme).
L. 1892, Southport (j.a.w.).
C. danica (L.). Fig. 51. Triangular-leaved Scurvy Grass. Native.
A. or B. IV-VIII.
On the sea coast. Rare and local.
L. 1891, at the foot of walls at Walton Gaol (j.a.w.).
C. About Parkgate (H.). Hilbre (D.). 1875, Bank of R. Dee
below Heswall; 1878, in lane leading from Caldy to the shore;
Rocks at Burton Point (r.b.).
Hesperis (L.)
H. matronalis (L.). Fig. 52. Dames Violet or Rocket. Alien.
B. or P. V, VI.
Plantations, fields, &c. Rare, and escaped from cultivation.
L. About Clegg’s ponds, Allerton (D.). Mossley Hill
(Mrs. s. b.). Speke (MissR.). 1892, about Aintree Racecourse
(j.a.w.).
C. In several moist plantations in Wirral (h.e.s.). In two
places near Raby Mere; near Stoke (Dr. g.). 1901, by the
Birket at Leasowe (Missw.).
Sisymbrium (L.).
S. Thalianum (Hook). Fig. 53. Thale Cress. Native. A. IV, V
and IX, X.
Walls, dry banks, &c. Common.
S. officinale (Scop.). Hedge Mustard. Native. A. or B. VI, VII.
Roadsides and waste places. Very common.
b. liocavpum (D. C.).
L. 1892, Lane behind Walton Village, leading to Club
Moor (j.a.w.).
C. Frequent on the Cheshire side (j.a.w.).
14
S. Sophia (L.). Fig. 44. Flixvveed. Native. A. VI-VIII.
Sandy banks and fields near the sea. Frequent.
L. Kirkby (w. h. Holt; Miss w.). Near Ormskirk (t.w.). Crosby ;
Formby.
C. Near Bidston Church (H.). Luxuriant about Meols (Dr. g.).
S. ASliaria (Scop.). Fig. 45. Jack-by-the- Hedge, Garlic-mustard.
Native. B. V, VI.
About hedges and the borders of woods. Common.
L. Speke ; &c.
C. Meols ; Bromborough ; Shotwick ; &c.
S. pannonicum (Jacquin). Fig. 46. Alien. VI.
L. Plentiful about Crosby (h.s.f.). 1894, in a lane near
Walton Village (j.a.w.).
Erysimum ( L .). Treacle Mustard.
E. cheiranthoides (L.). Fig. 47. Treacle Hedge Mustard. Native.
A. VI-VIII.
Cultivated ground, roadsides, railway banks. Occasional.
L. Barton to Altcar. Black Bull Lane, Walton (j.a.w.).
C. Wallasey, chiefly about the railway ; 1901, one mile north
of Great Saughall (Dr. g.).
Note. — More frequent in Lancashire than Cheshire.
E. onentale (Br.). Hare’s Ear Cabbage. Casual.
L. 1892, In an oat field, Walton (j.a.w.).
C. 1883-84, Hoylake, about the railway siding (r.b.).
(?) Extinct. Occasionally found about Birkenhead Docks.
E. repandutn (L.).
As a casual, 1892, at Birkenhead (j.a.w.).
CameJina ( Crantz ).
C. sativa (Crantz). Fig. 48. Gold of Pleasure. Casual.
L. 1871, River bank at Dungeon; and 1875, towards Oglet ;
1876, corn field between Ditton Station and the Church (r.b.).
C. 1895, Hoylake, near the station (Dr. g.).
b. fcetida (Fr.).
L. Has been found as a casual on Bath Farm, Orm-
skirk (t.w.). Canal banks, Aintree ; Seven Pits, near
Walton (j.a.w.).
Brass ica (L.). Cabbage, Turnip, &c.
B. Napus (L.). Rape or Coleseed. Denizen. A. or B. V-VII.
Cultivated ground. Occasional.
Fig. 42. HESPERIS MATRONALIS. Fig. 43. SISYMBRIUM THAL.IANUM. Fig. 44. SISYMBRIUM SOPHIA.
Fig. 45. SISYMBRIUM ALLIARIA.
Fig. 46.
SISYMBRIUM PANNONICUM.
Fig. 47. ERYSIMUM CH E! RANTHOI DES.
Fig. 48. CAMELINA SATIVA.
i5
B. Rapa ( L .). Turnip. Denizen.
Cultivated ground. Occasional.
C. Near Raby Mere (Dr. g.).
B. monensis ( Finds .). Fig. 59. Isle of Man Cabbage. Native. P.
VI-VIII.
Sandhills. Frequent.
B. nigra (Koch). Fig. 50. Black Mustard. Native. A. VI-VIII.
Sandy ground near the coast. Frequent. In cultivated land
and the borders of fields. Occasional.
C. Wallasey to West Kirby, &c.
B. Sinapis (Visiani). Fig. 51. Charlock. Native. A. VI-VIII.
(Sinapis arvensis, L.).
In cornfields, &c. Very common.
B. alba ( Boiss ). Fig. 52. White Mustard. Casual. A. VII.
Cultivated ground. Very rare.
L. 1892, on rubbish, Aintree Racecourse (j.a.w.).
C. 1895, on a rubbish heap just W. of Eastham Ferry (Dr. g.).
DIplotaxis ( Cand .). Wall-Mustard.
D. tenuifolia ( D . C.). Fig. 53. Narrow-leaved Wall-Mustard.
(?) Native. P. VI-IX.
On old walls. Very rare.
C. On a low wall bordering a garden by the Parkgate shore
(h.s.f. ; F.M.W.).
D. muralis ( D . C.). Fig. 55. Wall or Sand Mustard. Native.
A. VI-VIII.
Roadsides and sandy places. Rare.
L. Scattered about the sandhills near the railway between
Waterloo and Freshfield.
C. Has been occasionally found about new made roads at
Oxton and Claughton. 1879, about the Red Noses, New
Brighton (Dr. g.).
Capsella (Vent.). Shepherd’s Purse.
C. Bursa*pastoris (Moench). Fig. 55. Shepherd’s Purse. Native.
A. III-V.
In waste and cultivated ground and by roadsides. Very
common.
Senebiera (Pers.). Wart-Cress.
S. didyma, Pen. Fig. 56. Lesser Wart-Cress. Native. A.
VI-VIII.
Sandy banks and waste ground. Rare.
i6
C. As a ballast plant on the banks of Wallasey Pool (t.g.).
About Birkenhead Docks (h.s.f. ; t.g.). 1883, Great Meols,
extending at intervals towards Hoylake and Leasowe (r.b.);
there in 1900. About Wallasey (Dr. g.).
S. Coronopus ( Poir .). Fig. 57. Wart Cress. Native. A. VI-IX.
Waste ground, roadsides, &c. Frequent.
C. Parkgate ; Queensferry ; Backford (Dr. g.).
Lepidium (L.). Pepperwort.
L. latifolium (L.). Fig. 58. Broad-leaved Pepperwort. Dittander.
Denizen. P. VII, VIII.
Waste ground. Very rare.
C. Plentiful on the hedge cop of L. side of road leading from
Meols Station towards the village.
Note. — This is probably the remains of cultivation. 1902, This old
station is now threatened by building operations.
L. ruderale (A.). Fig. 59. Narrow-leaved Pepperwort. Native.
A. V, VI.
Banks. Very rare.
L. 1901, Formby (r.c.). About Aintree and Walton (j.a.w.).
C. Queensferry, close to the Ferry House, in the interstices
between the stone blocks forming the river bank (D.). As a
ballast plant at Birkenhead ; new made roads at Claughton
(h.s.f.).
L. sativum (L.). Garden Cress. Alien. A. VI, VII.
Rubbish heaps, &c. Occasional. Always of garden origin.
L. About Aintree and Walton (j.a.w.).
C. 1895, Hoylake Station siding (Dr. g.).
L. campestre ( R.Br .). Fig. 60. Mithridate Pepperwort. Native.
B. VI-VIII.
Cultivated fields, waste places, &c. Frequent.
L. Hale.
C. I nee to Helsby (Flora committee, 1893). About Oxton ; More-
ton ; West Kirby; Eastham ; Ness; &c. (Dr. g.).
L. Smithii (Hook). Fig. 61. Smooth Field Pepperwort. Native.
P. VI-VIII.
Borders of fields, &c. Occasional in Cheshire. Rare in
Lancashire.
L. Southport (D.). Score Lane, between Childwall Church
and Broad Green ; Field by the railway, near Red Brow,
Kirkby (f.m.w.).
C. Hedges at Eastham and Rock Ferry (D.). Field between
DIPLOTAXIS MURALIS.
Fig. 57. SENEBI ERA CORONOPUS.
i7
Higher Tranmere and Bebington ; By Noctorum Farm
(f.m.w.). West Kirby (Miss c. g.). Saughall Massie (j.h.l.).
Lane to Hadden Farm from Chester Road, about one-third
mile S. of Ness (f.m.w.). 1875, Roadside between L. Storeton
and the top of the hill (r.b.). Near Burton; Neston ; Back-
ford (Dr. G.).
L. Draba (L.). Fig. 62. Whitlow Pepperwort. Colonist. P. VI, VII.
Fields and waste places. Very rare.
L. 1891, Canal banks Aintree (j.a.w.).
C. 1883, Several places on the banks of R. Dee at West
Kirby (r.b. ; a.k.b.).
F. Banks of R. Dee at Queensferry (D.). In a field near
Queensferry (j.s.).
L. perfoliatum. Fig. 63. 1901, as a casual at Formby (r.c.).
Thlaspi ( L .). Penny Cress.
T. arvense (. L .). Fig. 6L Field Penny Cress. Native. A. V-VII.
Cultivated fields. Rare.
L. Kirkby, near the new Inn (H.). Near the Old Hut at
Hale; Hale Bank, and potato fields near Green Bank (D.).
Allerton ; About Woolton in potato fields (j.s.). Field near
Blogue Gate Moss, Lathom (t.w.). 1883, Cultivated field at
Formby. 1895, Cultivated field at Hunts Cross (Dr. g.).
C. Near Backford (Missw.). 1895, ne^r Leasowe Lighthouse
(r.b.).
Teesdalia ( R . By.).
T. nudicaulis ( R . Br.). Fig. 65. Shepherds’ Cress. Native.
A. V, VI.
Sandy and gravelly places. Rare in Lancashire ; occasional in
Cheshire.
L. Near Moss End, Formby (f.m.w.). Southport (j.g.). Lane
between L. Crosby and Hightown ; near Freshfield Station ;
Old Moss Lane, near Haskayne; between Scarth Hill and
Bickerstaffe (r.b.).
C. Grange Hill, West Kirby (Flora Committee, 1893). Roadside at
Pensby ; Storeton Hill; Ness Holt (Dr. g.). Near Burton
(Miss w.).
Cakile ( Gacrt ). Sea Rocket.
C. maritima (Scop.). Fig. 66. Purple Sea Rocket. Native.
A. VI, VII.
Scattered along sandy sea shores. Local.
C. At intervals along the coast from Wallasey to West
Kirby.
i8
Raphanus ( L .). Radish.
R. Rapfoanistnmn (L.). Fig. 67. Wild Radish. Denizen. A. VI, VII.
In cornfields and other cultivated ground. Occasional.
C. At intervals from Wallasey to Leasowe ; railway bank,
W. of Great Saughall (Dr. g.).
RESEDACE^E.
Reseda (L.). Mignonette.
R. alba (A.). Fig. 68. White Mignonette. Colonist. B. or P. VII,
VIII.
Waste sandy places near the sea. Rare.
L. 1856, Outskirts of Southport at south end (t.w.).
C. Beyond New Brighton (D.). 1897, near Warren Station*
among garden rubbish (MissW.).
R. luteola (L.). Fig. 69. Weld. Dyers’ Weed. Native. B. VI- VIII.
Sandy ground near the sea. Common. Rare inland.
C. Railway banks and sandy ground from Wallasey to Ploy-
lake ; about Burton Point.
R. Ititea (A.). Fig. 70. Wild Mignonette. Colonist. B. VI-VIIL
Waste places. Rare.
L. 1885, Embankment of railway between Aintree and
Sefton (r.b.), and continues to the present time.
C. 1883-4, about the coal siding by Hoylake Station (r.b.).
VIOLA RIE^E.
Viola ( L .). Violet.
V. palustrls ( L .). Fig. 7L Marsh Violet. Native. P. IV-VI.,
Marshy places. Occasional.
L. Bickerstaffe Moss, near the Level Crossings Station (D.)„
Knowsley Woods (f.m.w.). 1888, damp meadows by River
Alt, below Lydiate (r.b.).
C. Snidley Moor, Frodsham (j.f.r.). Raby (Rev. h.). Meadow
by stream below Raby Mere (Dr. g.)
V. odorata (L.). Fig. 72. Sweet Violet. Native or Denizen.
P. Ill, IV.
Hedge banks, &c. Occasional ; often introduced.
L. Speke, blue and white (H.). In a wood opposite Roby
Hall; near West Derby; Wavertree Road, near the Quarry;.
New Park, near Ormskirk, white (D.). Fazakerley (h.s f.).
1864, Allerton, blue (t.g.). Edge of Croxteth Woods, near the-
footpath to Knowsley (f.m.w.).
Fig. 58. LEPIDIUM LATI FOLIUM.
Fig. 59. LEPIDIUM RUDERALE.
Fig. 60. LEPIDIUM CAMPESTRE.
Fig. 61. LEPIDIUM SMITHII.
c
Fig. 72.
VIOLA ODORATA.
19
C. Several places near Frodsham, blue and white (j.f.r.).
Raby Wood, near the Mill (w.h.h.). Near Upton, on the road
to Moreton, blue (Missc.). Near Great Meols and Thurstaston,
white (h.e.s.). In a copse above the river bank at Dawpool,
blue (Missw.). 1875, Hedge bank between Backford and Lea
Hall ; at Backwood, near Gayton ; naturalised on hedge banks
just before entering Shot wick from the Queensferry Road,
blue (r.b.). Roadside just east of Mollington Station, blue ;
by roadsides in several places about Great Saughall (Dr. g.).
F. c. permixta ( Jord .) on the Sealands, between the Church and
Blacon Point (r.b.).
V. sylvatica {Fries.). Wood Violet. Native. P. IV, V.
Woods and hedgebanks. Very common.
V. canina (L.). Fig. 73. Dillenius’ Dog Violet. Native. P. IV-VI.
Sandhills, frequent. Inland, very rare.
L. Sandhills from Crosby to Southport ; Old Moss Lane,
about one mile west of Haskayne, nearly five miles in-
land (r.b.).
C. Sandhills, New Brighton to West Kirby.
V. tricolor ( L .) Heartsease, Pansy. Native. A. VI-VIII.
Cultivated ground, &c. Occasional.
L. The Mosses.
C. Bebington ; Near Whitby Heath (Dr. g.).
var Lloydii {Jord.).
L. 1894, Fields near Kirkby (j.a.w.).
var. contempta {Lloyd).
L. Near Linacre (j.a.w.).
V. carpatica {Borbas). Fig. 7\. Carpathian Pansy. Native.
P. ? VI-VIII.
Waste Land about The Mosses. Local.
L. 1901, Simmonswood Moss; Rainford ; Railbanks beyond
Kirkby (j.a.w.).
Noth. — This species takes its name from the Carpathian Alps, where it
is not uncommon. Our plant was named by Prof. Borbas, of Buda Pest,
from a specimen found by Mr. Wheldon. It has probably often been
seen by members of the L. N. F. C. about the Lancashire Mosses, but
mistaken for a form of V. tricolor , to which group it belongs. For a
description of it, see Journ. Bot., vol. 39, p. 10.
V. arvensis {Murr.). Fig. 75. Small Flowered Field Pansy.
Native. VI-IX.
Cultivated ground, roadsides, &c. Very common.
20
V. Curtisii {Forster). Fig. 76. Sea Pansy. Native. P. VI-VIII.
Sandhills. Rare.
L. Formby (j.h.l.). Waterloo; Crosby; Southport, yellow
(h.s.f.)
C. Sandhills near New Brighton (D.). Not seen recently.
Authorities. — W. H. Beeby, for Viola proper. E. G. Baker, for V. tricolor
and its segregates.
POLYGALEiE.
Poly gala (L.). Milkwort.
P. vulgaris (L.). Fig. 77. Milkwort. Native. P. VI-VIII.
Pastures, &c. Occasional.
C. Heswall.
P. oxyptera (Reich.) Small Flowered Milkwort. Native. P. VI-VIII.
Sandhills. Occasional.
L. Crosby (D.). Waterloo (h.s.f.). Formby and High-
town (j.h.l.).
C. Wallasey (j.h.l.). New Brighton ; Hoylake (f.m.w.).
1875, Banks of a pond between Willaston and Hargreave
Hall (r.b.). Thurstaston Heath (Dr. g.).
P. serpyllacea ( Weihe). Lesser Milkwort. Native. P. VI-VIII.
Heathy ground, both dry and damp. Common.
C. Bidston ; Meols ; Thurstaston ; Heswall.
CARYOPHYLLE.E.
Dianthus (L.). Pink.
D. Armeria (L.). Deptford Pink. Denizen. A. VII, VIII.
Cultivated ground. Very rare.
L. Fields near Gill Moss Chapel (D.).
C. In a cornfield at Little Sutton (H.).
Note. — Not seen recently, probably extinct.
D. deltoides (L.). Fig. 78. Maiden Pink. Native. P. VI-IX.
Dry pastures and hedges. Very Rare.
L. Hale Point (D.).
C. Near Wallasey Church and the Pool (D.). In hedges
between Liscard and New Brighton (h.e.s.). In two fields at
some distance from each other beyond the church at West
Kirby (Mrs. s. b.) ; 1900, reported from this old station to W.
Whitwell, F.L.S.
Fig. 75. VIOLA ARVENSIS.
Fig. 76. VIOLA CURTISII.
Fig. 78. DIANTHUS DELTOIDES.
Fig. 79. SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS.
21
Saponaria (L.). Soapwort.
S. officinalis (L.). Fig. 79. Soapwort. Denizen. P. VIII.
Banks, &c., generally near dwellings. Occasional.
L. About Crosby, Formby, and Southport (D.) Railway
banks near Hightown Station (h.s.f. ; f.m.w.).
C. Bidston (H.). About Hoylake (D.). Meols ; Heswall
(Mrs. s. B.: Miss c. g.). Wall at Prenton Hall (h.s.f.; f.p.m.) ;
there in 1901. Hedgebank in Lingdale Lane, Claughton
(f.m.w.) ; destroyed in 1900. Near the Hill Houses, West
Kirby (f.m.w.). Leasowe (Dr. g.). Wayside near Frodsham
(J.F.R.).
b. puberula ( Syme ). Pubescent Soapwort.
L. 1873, a little inland of Hightown Station ; Hedgebank at
Ainsdale ; Hedgebank between Ince Blundell Park and
Thornton, with partially double flowers (r.b.).
C. 1875, roadside between Greasby and Irby Mill Hill ;
between Barnston and Gayton Windmill; 1883, sandy cops on
S. side of Great Meols (r.b.) ; there in 1893.
Note. — “A curious variety, or rather monstrosity (S. hybrida, L .), has
been found in Northamptonshire, and on the sandhills to the North of
Liverpool, which has some of the upper leaves connate, and the corolla
monopetalous.” — Mr. Syme, in English Botany , 3rd edition.
S. Vaccaria (L.). Casual.
L. 1863, in a cornfield at Crosby; in a field of barley at
Seaforth in 1864 (t.g.). 1891, canal banks, Aintree (j.a.w.).
C. About new roads at Claughton (Mrs. f.b.; h.s.f.). 1899,
Birkenhead Docks (w. h. Holt).
Silene (L.). Catchfly.
S. Cucubalus (Wibel). Fig. 80. Bladder Campion. Native.
P. VI-VIII.
(S. inflat a, Smith).
Fields and roadsides. Fairly frequent.
C. Bidston; Hoylake; Thornton Hough; Willaston; Burton,
&C. (Dr. G.).
b. puberula (Syme).
Rare.
L. Hale Point (h.s.f.). Hall’s Lane, near the Mossponds,
Aintree (f.m.w.). Hedge bank between Ince Station and
Elton (r.b.).
C. Among furze near Clatterbridge (D.). Three or four
places between Willaston and Neston (f.m.w.). Roadside at
Ness, and about Parkgate (r.b.). Overton (j.f.r.).
22
S. maritima ( With .). Fig. 81. Sea Bladder Campion. Native.
P. VI, VII.
By the sea. Local.
L. 1892, Southport (c.b.).
C. Hilbre (H.). Banks of R. Dee between Heswall and
and Parkgate (D.). Burton Point (h.s.f.).
S. gallica (L.).
a. anglica (L.). Fig. 82. English Catchfly. Native. A. VI-IX.
Sandy cultivated ground. Rare.
L. Southport ; By the railway at Ainsdale ; Crosby sand-
hills (D.).
C. Heswall Hills ; In a narrow lane leading from Bidston to
the shore, and among the sandhills (H.). i860, In a field by
the railway between Hoylake and West Kirby (D.) ; there in
1896 (Dr. g.). 1861, Fields at Meols (h.e.s.). In a cornfield
behind Leasowe Lighthouse (Miss w.).
S. nutans (L.). Nottingham Catchfly. Colonist. P. VI, VII.
C. 1898, Lane leading from Grove Road, Wallasey, to New
Brighton golf links (Dr. g.).
S. noctiflora (L.). Night flowering Catchfly. Colonist. A. VII, VIII.
L. 1892, Seven pits, Walton (j.a.w.). Shore N. of South-
port (r. Buxton). Crosby (Mrs. t. G., jun.). 1890, Freshfield.
S. dichotoma ( Ehrh .)
L. 1891, as a Casual, Canal banks, Aintree; 1893, Seven pits,
Walton (j.a.w.).
Lychnis (L.). Campion.
L. alba {Mill). Fig 83. White Campion. Native. B. or P*
VI-IX.
(L. vespertina, Sibth.).
Cultivated and sandy ground. Common.
L. diurna {Sibth.). Red Campion. Native. P. IV-XI.
Hedge banks and plantations. Very common.
L. Flos=cuculi (L.). Fig. 84. Ragged Robin. Native. P. V. VI.
In damp meadows, ditches, etc. Common.
L. Githago (L.). Fig. 85. Purple Corncockle. Colonist. A. VI-VIII.
In cornfields. Occasional.
C. 1896, Near Heswall (Dr. g.).
Fig. 81. SILENE MARITIMA.
Fig. 83. LYCHNIS ALBA.
Fig. 84.
LYCHNIS FLOSCUCULI.
Fig. 85. LYCHNIS GITHAGO.
Fig. 86. CERASTIUM SEMIDECANDRUM.
Fig. 87. CERASTIUM GLOMERATUM.
23
Cerastium ( L .). Mouse-ear Chickweed.
C. quaternellum ( Fenzl .). Upright Moenchia. Native. A. V, VI.
(Moenchici erecta , Sw.).
Gravelly or rocky ground. Rare.
L. 1873, In a grassy lane leading towards the sandhills,
about half a mile S. of Hightown Station (r.b.).
C. In many places between New Ferry, The Rock, and
Leasowe (H.). Several places round Bidston (D.) Sandy
Lane, near Lower Bebington, on the road to Parkgate (j.s.).
Roadside on Grange Hill, at the junction of the roads leading
to West Kirby and the Hill Houses (Field club).
C. tetrandrum (Curt.). Dark Green Mouse-ear Chickweed. Native.
A. V-VII.
On the sandhills.
Note. — Not recorded recently. Possibly an error,
C. semidecandrum (L.). Fig. 88. Little Mouse-ear Chickweed.
Native. A. IV-VI.
The sandhills, dry banks, walls, &c. Common.
C. glomeratum ( Thuill ). Fig. 87. Broad-leaved Mouse-ear Chick-
weed. Native. A. IV-IX.
In dry places. Common.
C. triviale (Link.). Narrow-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed. Native.
B. or P. IV-IX.
Roadsides and cultivated ground. Very common.
Note. — On the sandhills it occurs with very viscid stems and long
divaricate branches.
C. arvense (L.). Fig. 88. Large Flowered Chickweed. Native.
P. V-VIII.
In dry places. Local.
L. Southport (j.g.).
C. Hilbre (t.d.w.). Claybank of River Dee, between West
Kirby and Caldy (f.m.w.). 1862, in a field between Thurstas-
ton and Caldy (Mrs. s. b.). Summit of Overton Hills (j.f.r.)
Stellaria (. L .). Stitchwort.
S. aquatica (Scop.). Fig. 89. Water Chickweed. Native. P. VII,
VIII.
By the borders of ditches. Very rare.
L. Ditches near Scarisbrick (D.).
Note. — This species does not extend further north on the west side of
Britain.
24
C. Near Stoke (j.s.). Two patches between Thornton-in-the
Moors and the River Gowey, towards Stoke (f.m.w.; w.w.n.).
Ditch in the lane leading from the north end of Salters Lane
towards Caughall (r.b.).
S. nemorum (L.). Fig. 90. Wood Stitchwort or Chickweed. Native.
P. V, VI.
In damp woods. Very rare.
L. 1883, Wood at Halsnead (Dr. w.).
S. media ( Cyr .). Common Chickweed. Native. A. III-IX.
Cultivated and waste ground, &c. Very common.
b. Bovceana ( Jord .).
Sandy ground near the sea. Frequent (f.m.w.).
c. neglect a ( Weihe ).
C. Netherton, near Frodsham (j.f.r.). Valley of the River
Weaver, near Collen Hall, two miles from Overton (r.b.).
S. umbrosa ( Opitz .). Native. P. III-IX.
Very rare.
L. 1888, Dean Wood, Upholland (r.b.).
S. Holostea (L.). Fig. 91. Greater Stitchwort. Native. P. IV-VI.
Thickets, hedgebanks, &c. Common.
S. palustris ( Ehvh .). Glaucous Marsh Stitchwort. Native. P.
V-VII.
Marshy places. Local.
L. 1831, 1841, 1866, in a tract of land near Scarisbrick and
Martin Mere.
S. graminea (L.). Fig. 92. Lesser Stitchwort. Native. P.
VI-VIII.
Bushy places, fields, &c. Common.
S. uliginosa ( Murr .). Bog Stitchwort. Native. A. V-VII.
In watery places. Very common.
Arenaria (L.). Sandwort.
A. verna (A.). Fig. 93. Vernal Sandwort. Native. P. V-IX.
Rocky places in Flintshire. Local.
F. 1898, about the old lead mines near Afon Goch, inland of
Ffynnon Groew (r.b.).
Fig. 96. SAGINA MARITIMA.
Fig. 97. SAGINA SUBULATA.
D
Fig. 100. LEPIGONUM RUBRUM.
Fig. 101. LEPIGONUM RUPESTRE.
25
A. trinervia (L.). Fig. 94. Three-veined Sandwort. Native. A.
V, VI.
In woods, &c. Common.
C. Near Bidston, Raby Mere, Shotwick, Backford Cross, &c.
A. serpyllifolia (L.). Thyme-leaved Sandwort. Native. A.
VI-VIII.
Sandhills, walls, &c. Common.
b. glutinosa (Koch).
Is found in the district occasionally.
c. leptoclados (Guss.).
Sandhills, &c. Rare.
L. Formby near the old church (Fieici club). Southport (h.s.f.).
C. Burton (Miss c. g.). Alvanley (j.f.r.).
A. peploides (L.). Fig. 95. Sea Purslane. Native. P. VI-IX.
(Honkenia peploides , Ehvh.).
Sandy seashores. Frequent.
C. Wallasey; Parkgate to Hoylake ; Bromborough shore.
Sagina (L.). Pearlwort.
S. maritima (Don.). Fig. 96. Sea Pearlwort. Native. A.
VI-VIII.
Damp places near the sea. Occasional.
b. debilis (Jord.).
Rocky banks of the lane between Bromborough and Patrick
Wood (r.b.). Caldy Shore (Dr. G.j.
S. apetala (L.). Upright Pearlwort. Native. A. V-IX.
Walls and dry places. Frequent.
S. ciliata (Fries.). Ciliate Pearlwort. Native. A. V, VI.
Walls, &c. Occasional.
L. Walls in Prince Alfred Road, Wavertree, and Aigburth
Hall Road — now gone? (r.b.). Among the sandhills at Fresh-
field (j.W.B.).
C. In two places near Caldy ; Burton Rocks (f.m.w.).
Hilbre ; Wall of a farm at Puddington (LorddeT.).
S. procumbens (L.). Prostrate Pearlwort. Native. P. V-IX.
Waste places, walls, &c. Very common.
S. subulata (Presl.). Fig. 97. Awl-leaved Pearlwort. Native. P.
VI-VIII
Heathy, hilly ground. Rare in the Cheshire, and not found in
the Lancashire part of the district.
26
C. Heswall Hills; Frankby Heath; Lower Bebington in a
sandy lane on the way to Parkgate (D.) Thurstaston
(MissC. G-).
S. nodosa ( E . Meyer). Fig. 98. Knotted Pearlwort. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Damp sandy places. Frequent near the coast. Occasional
inland.
L. Near Barton (r.b.).
C. Wallasey (Dr. g.).
Spergula ( L .). Spurrey.
S. arvensis (L.). Fig. 99. Corn Spurrey. Native. A. VI-VIII.
a. vulgaris ( Boenn ).
Sandy ground near the coast. Common.
b. sativa {Boenn).
Cultivated ground. Very common.
Lepigonum (Fries). Sand Spuney.
L. rubrum (Fries). Fig. 100- Sandwort Spurrey. Native.
A. or B. VI-IX.
Dry sandy places. Frequent.
L. Near Dungeon (r.b.).
C. Claughton Village; Oxton Heath; Storeton; Waterworks
Road, West Kirby (r.b.). Burton; Irby Mill Hill ; Eastham
(Dr. G.).
L. salinum (Fries). Lesser Sea Spurrey. Native. A. or B. VI-IX.
Muddy places on the coast. Frequent.
b. medium (Fr.).
C. Ellesmere Port ; Parkgate (Dr. g.).
c. neglectum (Kindb.).
L. marginatum (Koch). Greater Sea Spurrey. Native. B. or P.
VI-IX.
• Muddy places on the coast. Frequent.
L. Salt marsh at Dungeon (r.b.).
C. Between Parkgate and Denhall Colliery (Lord de t.; f.m.w.).
Banks of Bromborough Pool; between Eastham Ferry and
Ellesmere Port (f.m.w. ; r.b.).
f'
Fig. 106. HYPERICUM PERFORATUM
27
L. rupestre (Kindb.). Fig. 101. Rock Sea Spurrey. Native.
P. VI-IX.
Rocks by the sea coast. Local.
C. Abundantly on the rocks at Hilbre (f.m.w.).
Authority on Caryophylleae, F. N. Williams.
PORTULACE^E.
Claytonia (L.).
C. perfoliata (Don.). Fig. 102. Perfoliate Claytonia. Alien (N.
American). A. IV-VI.
Sandy ground. Rare.
L. By the old church at Formby (e.d.).
C. 1886, roadside by the Leasowe Golf Links (r.h.d.) ; and
lane leading thence to the Golf house (Dr. g.). Churchyard at
Hoylake (w.w.).
Montia ( L .). Blinks.
M. fontana (A.). Fig. 103. Water Blinks. Native. A. or P.
IV-VIII.
a. minor (Gniel.).
In wet places. Common.
b. rivulavis (Gmel.).
In ditches. Occasional (h.s.f.).
C. Saughall Massie (Dr. g.).
ELATINE^E.
Elatine ( L .). Waterwort.
E. hexandra ( D.C. ). Fig. 105. Six-stamened Waterwort. Native.
A. VIII.
Growing under water. Very rare.
L. 1885-1893. Lake in Knowsley Park (Dr. w.).
HYPERICINE^E.
Hypericum ( L .). St. John’s Wort.
H. Androsaemum (L.). Fig. 105. Tutsan. Denizen. Shrub.
VI-VIII.
Thickets, &c. Very rare. Probably planted.
C. Upon a bank of Bromborough Pool just beyond Patrick
Wood (D.). 1901, Plantation in Hooton Park towards Over-
pool (Dr. G.).
28
H. hircinum (L.). Stinking St. John’s Wort. Alien. Shrub.
VI-VIII.
Woods. Very rare.
L. i860, luxuriant among brambles, &c., in the old lane by
Ince Blundell Park (g.k.).
H. perforatum (L.). Fig. 106. Dotted-leaved St. John’s Wort.
Native. P. VII, VIII.
Hedgebanks and bushy places. Frequent.
C. Bidston ; Bromborough ; Dawpool ; &c.
H. quadratum {Stokes). Square-stemmed St. John’s Wort. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
In wet places. Frequent.
C. Parkgate ; Raby Mere ; Newton ; &c.
H. quadrangulum. Imperforate St. John’s Wort. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
a. dubium {Leers.).
C. 1878, by the footpath from near the E. side of Mollington
Station towards the canal (r.b.).
F. 1898, inland of Flint; Bagillt ; Ffynnon Groew (r.b.).
b. maculatum {Bab.).
L. Lane leading from Ashurst Beacon towards Dalton Com-
mon (r.b.).
C. Moston (LorddeT.). Lane from the schools, West Kirby,
to the Frankby Road (f.m.w.). Below Little Saughall
(F.M.W. ; W.W.N.).
H. humifusum (L.). Fig. 107. Trailing St. John’s Wort. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
Heathy and gravelly places. Frequent.
C. Birkenhead Park ; Higher Bebington ; Little Sutton ;
Heswall ; West Kirby; &c.
H. pulchrum (L.). Fig. 108. Small Upright St. John’s Wort.
Native. P. VII, VIII.
Dry banks and heaths. Frequent.
C. Bidston ; Woodchurch ; Spital ; along Deeside ; &c.
H. hirsutum {L.). Hairy St. John’s Wort. Colonist P. VII, VIII.
Thickets. Very rare.
C. In a thicket at Aston near Frodsham (D.). No recent
record.
Fig. 115. TILIA CORDATA.
29
H. elodes (L.). Fig. 109. Marsh St. John’s Wort. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Spongy bogs and ditches. Very rare.
L. Ditch in New Cut Lane, about one and a half miles W. of
Halsall (r.b.).
C. Oxton Heath in two places (f.m.w.). Not seen up to
1901 (Dr. G.).
MALVACEAE.
Althaea officinalis ( L .). Fig. 110. The Marsh Mallow.
Used to grow at Southport in a place since built over.
Malva (. L .). Mallow.
M. moschata (L.). Fig. 111. Musk Mallow. Colonist. P. VII, VIII.
Fields and hedgebanks. Rare.
C. Little Sutton (H.). i860, Raby (Dr. c.). Between Hooton
and Eastham (f.p.m. ; h.s.f.). 1876, Roadside one and a half
miles from Burton towards the Chester Road; Lane between
Overpool and Pool Hall (e.d.; r.b.). 1897, Field at Port Sun-
light, since built over; 1901, Lane below Shotwick Church
(Dr. G.).
Note. — These stations are not permanent.
M. sylvestris (L.). Fig. 112. Common Mallow. Native.
P. VII-IX.
Roadsides and waste places. Common.
M. rotundifolia (L.). Fig. 113. Dwarf Mallow. Native. P. VII-IX.
Waste places, sandhills, etc. More frequent in Cheshire than
Lancashire.
M. borealis ( Wallm .).
As a Casual near Litherland ; and by the canal banks, Aintree
(j.A.W.).
TILIACE^.
Tilia (L.). Lime tree.
T. platyphyllos (Scop.). Fig. lii Large-leaved Lime. Denizen.
Tree VI, VII.
In woods and hedges. Rare, and always planted.
T. vulgaris ( Hayne ). Common Lime. Alien. Tree VI, VII.
In plantations, etc. Frequent, and always planted.
T. cordata (Mill). Fig. 115. Small-leaved Lime. Denizen.
Tree VI, VII.
Woods and hedges. Occasional, and always .planted.
30
LINE^F
Radiola { Gmel .). Flaxseed.
R. linoides {Gmel.). Fig. 116. Flaxseed. Allseed. Native.
A. VII, VIII.
Damp, sandy, or peaty places, especially where liable to inun-
dation during winter. Occasional.
L. Seaforth (H.). Simmonswood Moss (D.). Sandy field
adjoining Headbolt Lane between Ainsdale and Formby Hall
(R.B.).
C. Heath near Frodsham (j.f.r). 1883, N. slope of Thur-
staston Hill (r.b.) ; there in 1895 (Dr- G-)*
Linum (L.). Flax.
L. catharticum {L.). Fig. 117. Purging Flax. Native. A. VI, VII.
Dry pastures and banks. Frequent.
L. angustifolium {Finds.). Fig. 118. Narrow-leaved Flax. Colonist.
P. VI-VIII.
Dry sandy ground and waysides.
Rare in Lancashire. Occasional in Cheshire.
C. Barnston (D.). Field near Clatterbridge (j.s.). New
road near there, 1900 (Dr. g.). On the shore between Heswall
and Caldy (h.s.f.; f.m.w.). Between New Chester Road and
Bromborough Pool (j.w.b.). Roadside, one mile from Brim-
stage towards Gayton (r.b.). Gayton (Lord de t.). Leasowe
sandhills (a.k.b.) 1891, Roadside at Bidston ; 1896, Hooton ;
1898, Wallasey (Dr. g.).
Note. — These stations are not permanent.
L. usitatissimum {L.). Cultivated Flax. Casual. A. VII.
Rubbish heaps, &c. Occasional, and not permanent.
GERANIACE^E.
Geranium (L.). Crane’s Bill.
G. sanguineum {L.). Fig. 119. Bloody Crane’s Bill. Colonist.
P. VI-VIII.
Dry banks near the sea. Rare and local.
C. Sandy banks above the Red Noses, New Brighton (H.).
Banks of the River Dee at intervals from West Kirby to Park-
gate (MissC. g.). Wallasey sandhills (Miss w.).
G. pratense (L.). Fig. 120. Blue Meadow Crane’s Bill. (?) Native.
P. VI-VIII.
Moist pastures. Very rare.
Fig. 116. RADIOLA LINOIDES.
Fig. 117. LINUM CATHARTICUM.
Fig. 118. LINUM ANGUSTI FOLIUM.
Fig. 122. GERANIUM DISSECTUM.
3*
L. River side near Warrington, below Atherton’s Quay (j.p.).
Wood at the back of Ince Blundell Hall (r.b.).
C. Aston, near Frodsham (j.f.r,).
Note. — Possibly introduced.
G. pyrenaicum (Bunn.). Fig. 121. Mountain Crane’s Bill. Colonist.
P. VI-VIII.
Waysides, &c. Rare.
L. 1885, at intervals on the railway banks between Aintree
and Sefton stations, and in an adjacent cornfield (r.b.).
C. Private road from Bumper’s Lane, Sealands, to the Dee
Cop (e.d.). 1901, Roadside at Denhall (a.k.b.).
G. molle (L.). Soft Crane’s Bill. Native. A. VI-VIII.
Dry pastures, roadsides, &c. Very common.
G. pusillum (Bunn. /.). Small-flowered Crane’s Bill. Native. A.
VI-VIII.
Waste places and roadsides. Rare.
L. 1884, one plant immediately inland of Hightown Station
(E.D.).
C. (?) Caldy (MissC. g.). A small green by the road at Gt.
Meols (f.m.w.) ; there in 1893 (Dr-G-)- (?) Waste land at New
Brighton (j.f.r. ; Miss c. g.). 1884, Capenhurst (MissB.). Wim-
bolds Trafford; by Denhall House (Flora Committee, 1893).
G. dissectum (L.). Fig. 122. Jagged-leaved Crane’s Bill. Native.
A. VI-VIII.
Cultivated fields, waste places, &c. Frequent.
C. Backford ; Little Sutton ; Burton ; Leasowe ; &c.
G. columbinum (L.). Fig. 123. Long-stalked Crane’s Bill. Colonist.
A. VI-VIII.
Roadsides, waste places, etc. Rare.
L. Simmonswood Moss (D.).
C. Lane near Heswall (H.), Near Queensferry ; Lane near
Thornton ; Roadside near Bidston (D.). Lane leading to
Denhall House (Field club) ; there in 1901. Probably extinct in
all but the last named station.
G. Robertianum (L.). Fig. 124. Herb Robert. Native. A. V-IX.
Hedgebanks, etc. Very common.
Note. — Occasionally met with white flowers.
G. phaeum (L.). Dark Purple flowered Crane’s Bill. Alien.
P. V, VI.
Woods. Very rare.
L. Ince Blundell Woods (Miss d.). Huyton (t.g.).
32
G. rotundifolium (L.). Round-leaved Crane’s Bill.
Was once found, in 1872, on a newly made road at Claughton.
Erodium ( L'H'evit .). Stork’s Bill.
E, cicutarium ( L'Hevit .). Stork’s Bill. Native. A. VI-IX.
Sandy ground near the sea. Common.
Waste sandy places inland. Occasional.
E. moschatum (L’Herit.). Fig. 125. Musk Stork’s Bill. Native.
A. VI, VII.
Banks and fields. Very rare.
L. Roadside at Aughton Brow, Ormskirk ; Field near
Lathom (D.). 1884, a single plant inland of Hightown
Station (Dr. w.).
C. Hedgebank on N. side of Grange Hill, West Kirby (D.).
Shore close to Denhall House (Flora Committee, 1893) ; there in
1901.
Oxalis (L.). Wood Sorrel.
0. Acetosella (L.). Fig. 126. Wood Sorrel. Native. P. IV-VI.
In shady places. Common.
0. corniculata ( L .). Fig. 127. 1880, as a Casual in gardens at
West Derby (Dr. g.).
Impatiens (L.). Balsam.
1. parviflora (DC.). Fig. 128. Small-flowered Balsam. Alien.
A. VII-IX.
Hedgebanks. Rare.
C. Oxton (h.s.f.). About Fairview Road, Oxton, 1899
(Dr. g.). 1899, Mount Wood, Prenton Hill (Miss h. h.).
Note. — This is a Russian plant, now quite naturalised in England.
ILICINE/E.
Ilex (L.). Holly.
I. Aquifolium (L.). Fig. 129. Holly. Native. Tree IV, VII.
In woods and hedges. Common.
Fig 129. ILEX AQUIFOLIUM.
Fig. 130. EUONYMUS EUROP/EUS.
Fig. 131. RHAMNUS CATHARTICUS.
Fig. 132. ACER PSEUDOPLATANUS.
33
Division II. — Calyciflorae,
CELASTRINE^.
Euonymus (L.). Spindle-tree.
E. europaeus (L.). Fig. 130. Spindle-tree. Prickwood. Denizen.
Tree. V, VI.
Hedges. Very rare, and always planted.
L. Hedge near Gill Moss (D.).
C. Aston Wood (j.f.r.).
RHAMNE^E.
Rhamnus (L.). Buckthorn.
R. catharticus (L.) Fig. 131. Purging Buckthorn. (?) Native.
Shrub. V-VII.
Hedges and woods. Very rare.
C. Hedges at Newton, near Frodsham (j.f.r.).
R. Frangula (L.). Breaking Buckthorn. Native. Shrub. V-VII.
Woods and hedges. Rare.
L. On S. side of Simmonswood Moss; Dons Wood, near
Sutton ; Bath Wood, Ormskirk ; Blaque Moss, Lathom ; Side
of Kirkby Moss (D.). Brushy Lane, near Rainford Junction
(h.s.f.). 1893, Lane between Dungeon and Hale (Field club).
SAPINDACE^E.
Acer{L.). Maple.
A. Pseudoplatanus (L.). Fig. 132. “Sycamore.” Denizen. Tree.
V, VI.
In plantations, &c. Common, but not indigenous.
A. campestre ( L .). Fig. 133. Maple. (?) Native or Denizen.
Tree. V-VII.
Hedges and plantations. Occasional. Often planted.
L. Near Burscough Junction.
C. Oxton ; Brom borough ; Ness; &c. (Dr. g.).
34
/Esculus hippocastanum (L.). Fig. 134. Horse Chestnut. Alien.
Tree. V, VI.
A native of Northern Greece. Often introduced into woods
and plantations on both sides of the River Mersey, as in
Calderstones Park near Liverpool, and Woods at Bromborough
and Eastham.
LEGUMINOSiE.
Genista (L.).
G. anglica (L.). Fig. 135. Needle Furze. Petty Whin. Native.
P. VI-VIII.
Sandy and heathy ground. Rare in Lancashire. Occasional
in Cheshire.
L. Lane between the shore at Dungeon and Hale Wood
(D.). Greystone Heath (j.p.).
C. Near Eastham (H.). W. side of Heswall Hills, one mile
from Gayton Hall (D.). Between Hooton and Bromborough
(Missc. g.). Raby (Missj.). Near Woodchurch and Landican
(j.s. ; f.m.w.). 1875, in a swampy hollow one mile S.W. of
Manley (r.b.). By R. Gowey, at Wimbolds Trafford (r.h.d.).
Roadside between Spital and Clatterbridge (w. h. Holt). 1891-
1901, abundant by ponds between Ness and the Chester Road ;
Pensby ; Roadside S. of Arrowe Park; W. of Thingwall Mill ;
Backford Cross (Dr. g.).
G. tinctoria (L.). Fig. 136, Dyers’ Greenweed. Native. P.
VII-IX.
Pastures, &c., generally on clay. Local. Frequent in
Cheshire.
C. By the Fender at Oxton ; New Ferry ; near Poole Hall ;
Plimyard Dale, Bromborough ; Capenhurst ; Willaston ;
Mollington ; Dawpool ; abundant about Meols (Dr. g.).
Ulex ( L .).
U. europaeus (L.). Fig. 137. Furze. Gorse. Whin. Native.
Shrub. I -VI.
Heath-banks, banks, dry fields and plantations. Common.
U. Gallii [Planch). Autumnal Furze. Native. Shrub. VII1-X.
Heaths and sandy waste ground. Frequent in Lancashire.
Common in Cheshire.
Note. — Common in Cheshire about Bidston and Thurstaston Hills,
sometimes growing three or four feet high, sometimes quite prostrate — the
habit of U. nanus,. Forster.
Fig. 144. MEDICAGO LUPULINA.
Fig. 145.
MEDICAGO DENTICULATA.
Fig. 146. MEDICAGO MACULATA.
35
Cytisus (Link). Broom.
C. scoparius (Link). Fig. 138 Broom. Native. Shrub. V-VII.
Woods, hedges, railway banks, etc. Occasional in Lancashire.
Frequent in Cheshire.
C. Bidston ; Heswall; Willaston ; along the Chester rail-
way, etc.
Ononis (L.). ’Rest Harrow.
0. repens (L.). Fig. 139. Procumbent ’Rest Harrow. Native.
P. VI-IX.
Sandy places near the sea. Common.
Note. — So named because its tough roots arrest the progress of a
harrow.
0. spinosa (L.). Fig. 140. Upright Spinous ’Rest Harrow.
Native. P. VI, IX.
On poor pastures and waste places. Frequent.
L. Hale.
C. Between New Ferry and Bromborough Pool; abundant
about Meols; Shotwick; Neston; Heswall; Thornton Hough;
Denham Colliery ; Stoke to the R. Gowey ; Mollington, etc.
Trigonella (D.C.).
T. purpurascens (L.). Fig. 141. Birdsfoot Fenugreek. Native.
A. VI, VII.
High sandy ground. Very rare and local.
C. At the junction of the roads leading to West Kirby and
the Hill Houses (D.). Within twenty yards of Bidston Wind-
mill (f.p.m. ; h.s.f.) ; there in 1893 (Dr- G-)* Caldy (Miss c. g.).
Roadside on the Parkgate side of Ness; Refuse mounds at
Denhall Colliery (Lord de t.; f.m.w.).
F. Point of Air (r.b.).
T. foenum=graecum.
C. Was found in 1863 as a casual at Claughton, (f.m.w.;
H.S.F.).
Medicago (L.). Medick.
M. sativa (L.). Fig. 142. Lucerne. Alien. P. VI, VII.
Fields and waysides. Frequent. Naturalised.
L. Near the sandhills at Formby.
C. New Ferry; Claughton; Wallasey to Hoylake ; Thur-
staston ; Great Saughall ; Ellesmere Port.
36
M. falcata (L.). Fig. 143. Yellow or Sickle Medick. Colonist.
P. VI, VII.
L. 1892, Banks of the Canal below the Racecourse at
Aintree (r.b.).
C. 1893-1898, Waste ground near Warren Station, not found
since (Dr. g.). 1901 Birkenhead Docks (j.a.w.).
M. lupulina (L.). Fig. 144. Black Medick. Native. A. V-VIII.
In pastures and waste places, &c. Common.
Note. — Frequently sown in Wirral, mixed with rye grass and clover.
M. denticuiata (Willd.). Fig. 145. Toothed Medick. Colonist.
A. V-VIII.
Waste places. Rare.
L. Roadside, about one mile S. of Kirkby (j.v.). Banks of
Canal, near Aintree. Walton ; Litherland (j.a.w.).
C. By Birkenhead Docks. 1894, Rubbish heaps above Brom-
borough Pool (Dr. g.).
b. apiculata ( Willd .).
L. 1894, Canal banks, Aintree,; Waste ground, near Bootle,
1900 (j.a.w.).
c. lappacea (. Desv .).
1901, Bootle and Birkenhead (j.a.w.).
M. maculata ( Sibth .). Fig. 146. Spotted Medick. Colonist.
A. V-VIII.
( M . arabica (Finds.).)
Waste ground. Very rare.
L. 1892, Canal banks, Aintree; Seven Pits, Walton (j.a.w.).
C. 1891, Waste ground near the shore N. of Parkgate (r.b.).
1901, Birkenhead Docks (j.a.w.).
M. mimima (Desv.).
L. 1901, as a Casual at Bootle and Linacre (j.a.w.).
Mel Hot us (L.). Melilot.
M. altissima ( Thuill ). Fig. 147. Tall Yellow Melilot. Native.
B. or P. VI-VIII.
Fields and waste places. Frequent.
L. Mersey shore at Dingle; Speke; Garston (H.). South-
port ; Dean Farm, Lathom ; Railway banks between Broad
Green and Roby (D.). About Waterloo; Crosby; Formby
(r.b.).
C. Little Sutton (H.). Runcorn; near Wallasey Pool (D.).
MELILOTUS ALTISSIMA. Fig. 148.
M ELI LOTUS ALBA.
Fig. 149. MELILOTUS PARVIFLORA
Fig. 150. TRIFOLIUM SUBTERRANEUM.
Fig. 151. TRIFOLIUM
MEDIUM.
Fig. 154. TRIFOLIUM STRIATUM.
37
Heswall (Miss c. g.). Between Great Meols and Newton ; near
Hargreave Hall N. of Willaston (r.b.). Oxton; Bidston Junc-
tion ; West Kirby ; Bank of Ship Canal at Hooton (Dr. g.).
M. alba {Desr.). Fig. 148. White Melilot. Colonist. B. VII, VIII.
Waste places. Occasional. Increasing in the district.
L. E. bank of railway N. of Waterloo ; Sandhills between
Formby and Freshfield ; Canal bank, near Maghull (r.b.).
C. Roadside near Storeton (Miss a. h.). About Bidston ;
Meols; Hoylake (Dr. g.). 1901, Birkenhead Docks (j.a.w.).
M. officinalis ( Desr .). Field Melilot. Colonist, B. VII, VIII.
In fields and waste places. Rare.
{M. arvensis { Wallroth ).)
L. Formby (Mrs. t. g., jun.). Between Waterloo and Blundell-
sands W. of the railway (f.m.w.). Railway banks between
Blundellsands and Hall Road for many years; Lane leading
E. from Ainsdale Station (r.b.).
C. By Bromborough Pool Candle Works (D.). About
Birkenhead Dock Station (h.s.f.). By the Canal E. of
Mollington Viaduct (Lord de t.; f.m.w.). Near the Gasworks at
Hoylake (Dr. g.).
M. parviflora {Lam.). Fig. 1$9. Small Yellow Melilot. Colonist.
A. VII, VIII.
Waste places. Occasional.
L. Canal bank at Maghull ; about Garston Docks (r.b.).
Formby sandhills (t.b.).
C. Bidston Heath (w.h.h.). Birkenhead Docks (r.b.).
1892-6, Bidston Junction ; Wallasey; Meols; Hoylake (Dr. g.).
M. messanensis. Has occurred as a casual at Birkenhead Docks
(f.m.w.).
Trifolium (L.). Clover.
T. subterraneum (Z,.). Fig. 150. Subterranean Trefoil. Native.
A. V-VII.
On banks. Very rare.
C. Near Parkgate (H.). 1874, Field on a level with the top
of an old wall opposite where the footpath from Hoylake joins
the road at the Hill Houses (r.b.). Probably now extinct.
T. pratense ( L .). Red Clover. Native. P. V-IX.
a. sativum {Syme).
By the borders of fields as an escape from cultivation.
38
b. sylvestre (Symc).
Pastures, roadsides, &c. Common.
T. medium ( L .). Fig. 151. Zigzag Clover. Native. P. VI-IX.
On banks, by roadsides, &c. Occasional.
C. Claughton Moor ; Higher Bebington ; Bromborough ;
S. of Hadlow Road Station (Dr. g.).
T. ochroleucum (L.), Cream-coloured Clover. Casual. P. VI,
VII.
L. Railway bank at Fazakerley ; near Ormskirk (D.).
C. About the Birkenhead Docks.
T. incarnatum (L.). Fig. 152. Crimson Long-headed Clover.
Denizen. A. VI, VII.
An escape from cultivation. Occasional.
L. Formby, near the sandhills.
C. Waste places about the railway, near West Kirby (a.k.b.).
Denhall ; Fields about Blacon Point (Dr. g.).
T. arvense (L.). Fig. 153. Haresfoot Trefoil. Native. A.VII-IX.
Sandhills. Frequent. Rare inland.
L. Formby sandhills.
C. Sandhills, Wallasey to Hoy lake.
T. striatum (L.). Fig. 15L Soft Knotted Trefoil. Native. A.
VI-VIII.
Dry sandy places. Rare.
L. Rainhill (D.). About the railway between Hightown and
Formby (r.b.).
C. 1857 to 1861, various localities are recorded about Wal-
lasey, Arrowe Brook, Frankby, Saughall Massie, Leasowe and
West Kirby (Lord de t.; &c.). 1873, from Denhall to near the
limekiln, N. of Parkgate (f.m.w.). 1893, Meols ; just W. of
Caldy (Dr. g.).
b. erectum (L eight).
Has been recorded.
T. hybridum (L.). Alsike Clover. Alien. P. VI-IX.
Fields and roadsides as the remains of cultivation. Frequent.
b. elegans ( Savi .).
L. Garston (t.g.). Knotty Ash; 1861, the type form on the
sandhills at Crosby (h.s.f.).
C. Roadside near Arrowe Brook (D.). Claughton; Frankby;
S. of Hargreave Hall ; &c. (Dr. g.).
Fig. 155. TRIFOLIUM FRAGIFERUM.
Fig. 158. TRIFOLIUM PROCUMBENS.
Fig. 159. TRIFOLIUM FILIFORME.
Fig. 160. ANTHYLLIS VULNERARIA-
39
T. repens (L.). White or Dutch Clover. Native. P. V-IX.
Fields, roadsides, and waste ground. Very common.
T. fragiferum (. L .). Fig. 155. Strawberry-headed Trefoil. Native.
P. VI-VIII.
Damp, grassy ground near the shore. Frequent.
L. About Birkdale ; Hall Road.
C. Bidston Marsh ; Meols ; Parkgate ; Shotwick Marsh ;
Higher Ferry on Dee.
T. resupinatum (L.). Fig. 156. Small Purple Clover. Casual.
A. VII.
Probably introduced with foreign hay. Rare.
C. Near the Magazines at New Brighton (Mr. b.). 1896, Hose
Side, Wallasey (MissW.).
T. agrarium (L.). Fig. 157.
Has been found as a casual.
T. procumbens (L.). Fig. 158. Hop Trefoil. Native. A. V-IX.
Pastures, &c. Common.
T. dubium ( Sibth .). Lesser Yellow Trefoil. Native. A, V-IX.
( T . minus ( Sm .).)
Fields, roadsides, &c. Common.
T. filiforme (L.). Fig. 159. Least Yellow Trefoil. Native. A.
VI-IX.
On commons and other dry places. Occasional.
L. Lane near Formby, one mile N. of Hightown Station
(R.B.).
C. In Rake Lane, W. of Dunham-on-the-Hill (f.m.w. ; w.w.n.).
1875, Heath Lane, Stoke; by the Windmill at Neston; at the
corner of the road from Two Mills to Capenhurst (r.b.).
Meols Common; 1893, Field opposite Grange Landmark;
1896, abundant on the lawn of a private house in King’s Lane,
Dacre Hill, Rock Ferry (Dr. g.).
A nth y 11 is ( L .). Lady’s Fingers.
A. Vulneraria (L.). Fig. 160. Kidney Vetch. Ladv’s Fingers.
Native. P. VI-VIII.
On the sandhills. Common. Rare inland.
Lotus (L.). Bird’s Foot Trefoil.
L. corniculatus (L.). Fig. 161. Bird’s Foot Trefoil. Native. P.
VI-VIII.
Waysides, sandhills, &c. Very common.
F
40
h. crassifolius (Pers.).
The sandhills. Frequent.
L. tenuis (Waldst. and Kit.). Slender Bird’s Foot Trefoil. Native.
P. VI-VIII.
Damp places. Very rare. Perhaps it has been overlooked.
L. Moist ground near Huyton Quarry (f.m.w.). Not recorded
for many years.
L. pilosus ( Beeke ). Fig. 162. Hairy Bird’s Foot Trefoil. Native.
P. VII-IX.
(L. major (L.).)
By the sides of ditches and other moist places. Common.
Ornithopus ( L .). Bird’s Foot.
0. perpusillus (L.). Fig. 163. Bird’s Foot. Native. A. V-VIII.
Heathy ground. Frequent.
C. Oxton ; Thingwall ; Grange Hill ; Ness; Eastham.
0. compressus (L.).
L. 1893, waste ground near Walton (j.a.w.).
C. 1861, as a casual at Birkenhead Docks (f.m.w.; h.s.f.).
Coronilla (L.).
C. varia (L.). Alien.
L. 1876, and for many years, a large patch on Cheshire
Lines Railway bank, close to a bridge that crosses between
St. Anne’s Church and River Mersey (r.b.).
C. Neighbourhood of Upton and Frankby, as an escape from
cultivation.
Vida (L.). Vetch.
V. hirsuta {Koch.). Hairy Tare. Native. A. VI-IX,
Cornfields, &c. Frequent.
C. Eastham; Poole Hall ; Little Sutton ; Willaston.
V. tetrasperma ( Moench ). Fig. 16$. Four seeded Tare. Native.
A. VI-VIII.
Cornfields, waysides, &c. Rare.
C. 1875, Hedgebanks between Moreton and Saughall Massie ;
between Greasby and Irby Mill Hill (r.b.). Wallasey ; Back-
ford (MissW.). Roadside at Newton-cum-Larton (a.k.b.); there
in 1899.
V. Cracca (L.). Fig. 165. Tufted Vetch. Native. P. VI-VIII.
Hedges, thickets, &c. Common.
Fig- 167. VICIA ANGUSTIFOLIA.
4i
V. sepium (L.). Fig. 166. Bush Vetch. Native. P. VI-IX.
Woods and shady banks. Frequent.
C. Landican ; Bank at Bromborough Station.
V. lutea ( L .).
1862, on the bank of River Dee, near West Kirby (Miss c. G.).
It was washed away in 1863, and has not been seen since.
V. sativa (L.). Cultivated Vetch. Alien. VI-IX.
Among corn, and about the borders of fields, but it has no
claim to be considered indigenous.
V. angustifolia (Roth.). Fig. 167. Narrow-leaved Vetch. Native.
A. VI-VIII.
a. segetalis (Thuill.).
By roadsides, among corn, &c. Common.
C. With white flowers, every year on the roadside on the hill
above Burton (Dr. g.).
b. Bobartii (Forster). Fig. 168.
Sandhills and dry sandy pastures. Frequent.
V. lathyroides (L.). Fig. 169. Spring Vetch, t Native. A. V-VII.
The sandhills. Frequent. Rare elsewhere.
C. Slope of Grange Hill, by the Hill Houses, West Kirby
(r.b.). Denhall (Dr. g.).
V. villosa.
L. As a casual at Aintree (j.a.w.).
Lathyrus (L.). Vetchling.
L. Aphaca (L.). Casual. A. V-VIII.
Very rare.
L. 1852, a single plant on Seaforth Common (h.s.f.). 1864,
Cornfield at Crosby (Miss r.). 1901, Aintree, almost annually
(j.a.w.).
L. pratensis (L.). Fig. 170. Meadow Vetchling. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
Meadows and hedges. Common.
L. latifolius (L.). Broad-leaved Everlasting Pea. Alien. P. VII,
VIII.
L. Opposite the Marine Terrace, Waterloo (r.b.).
L. sylvestris (L.). Fig. 171. Narrow-leaved Everlasting Pea.
Casual. P. VII, VIII.
Bushy and sandy places. Very rare.
42
C. 1850, Sutton Bridge, Frodsham (D.). 1894, and a few fol-
lowing years, a good-sized patch on Wallasey sandhills (Miss w. ,
Dr. G.).
L. macrorrhizus {Wimm.). Fig. 172. Tuberous Bitter Vetch. Native.
P. V-VIII.
( Orobus ttiberosus (L.).)
Woods and shady places. Occasional.
C. Woodchurch ; Bromborough ; Eastham ; N. of Willaston ;
Shotwick (Dr. G.).
ROSACEA.
Prunus (L.).
P. communis ( Huds .). Fig. 173. Blackthorn. Sloe. Native.
Shrub. IV, V.
P. spinosa (A.).
In hedges and bushy places. Common.
P. insititia ( L .). Bullace. Native. Shrub. IV-VI.
Hedges, &c. Occasional.
C. Oxton (D.). In hedges near Claughton ; Bidston ; More-
ton ; West Kirby (f.m.w.). Marsh Green, but rare about
Frodsham (j.f.r.).
P. domestica ( L .). Wild Plum. Denizen. Tree. IV-VI.
In hedges. Occasional.
L. In hedges at Aigburth ; Childwall, &c. (D.).
C. At the foot of Overton Hills (j.f.r.). In several parts of
Wirral, but always suspiciously situated (f.m.w.). 1892,
Prenton Lane; 1902, near Frankby, very large (Dr. g.).
P. Avium (L.). Wild Cherry. (?) Native. Tree. V, VI.
Hedges and plantations on both sides of the River Mersey.
Occasional.
P. Cerasus (L.). Fig. 174. Dwarf Cherry. Denizen. Shrub. V, VI.
In plantations. Rare in L. Occasional in C.
C. Bank of the R. Mersey near Eastham (f.m.w.). Cattenhall
and Durnsdale Valley near Frodsham (j.f.r.). Plimyard Dale,
Bromborough; Raby Mere; Irby; Mollington ; Heath Lane,
Stoke (Dr. g.)
P. Padus (L.). Fig. 175. Bird Cherry. Denizen. Tree. V.
Woods and Hedges. Rare. Generally planted.
L. Aigburth ; Childwall (D.).
C. Eastham (D.).
Fig. 168. VICIA ANGUSTIFOLIA.
b. BOBARTI I.
43
Spiraea (L.).
S. salicifolia ( L .). Casual. Shrub. VII.
Is occasionally met with as an escape from cultivation.
S. Ulmaria (L.). Fig. 176. Meadow Sweet. Queen of the
Meadows. Native. P. VI-VIII.
By the side or ditches and ponds, and in moist meadows.
Common.
Rubus ( L .). Bramble or Blackberry.
Section /. — FRUTESCENTES.
Sub=Section /. — Idaei.
R. Idaeus (L.). Fig. 177. Raspberry. Native. P. VI, VII.
In woods and thickets, also about the edges of the Lancashire
Mosses. Frequent.
C. About Storeton ; Barnston ; Thingwall ; Bromborough ;
Raby ; Hooton ; Eastham ; Overpool.
Sub=Section II. — Fruticosi. Fig. 178.
Suberecti.
I R. suberectus (Anders.). Suberect Bramble. Native. Shrub. \
! " VI, VII. I
Boggy woods and heaths. Rare.
L. Bath Wood, Ormskirk ; Crosby; Southport (D.).
C. Overton Hills (j.f.r.).] '
Note. — The records of this species cannot be accepted without modern
confirmation.
R. plicatus (W. and N.). Plaited-leaved Bramble. Native.
Shrub. VII, VIII.
Heathy and bushy places. Rare.
L, Banks of seven pits on the Aintree road (D.) ; now
destroyed. Simmonswood Moss, 1900 (j.a.w.).
C. Patrick Wood, Bromborough (h.s.f.).
[R. nitidus (W. and N.).
C. BidstOn Hill (A. E. Lomax).]
Note. — Recent confirmation is desirable.
S ubrhamnifoiii.
R. affinis (W. and N.). Intermediate Bramble. Native. Shrub.
VII, VIII.
Heathy places. Rare.
L. Priory Lane, Walton (D.) ; now destroyed. Ditton, near
the railway station (h.s.f.).
44
Rhamnifolii.
R. Lindleianus (Lees). Lindley’s Bramble. Native. Shrub.
VII, VIII.
Hedges and thickets. Common, (h.s.f. ; f.m.w.).
R. rhamnifolius (W. and N.). Buckthorn-leaved Bramble. Native.
Shrub. VII, VIII.
Hedges and thickets. Very rare.
C. 1894, Eastham (j.a.w.).
R. pulcherrimus (Neum.).
Woods and hedges. Occasional.
L. 1901, Lydiate ; Thornton (j.a.w.).
C. 1897, Eastham Wood (j.a.w.).
Villicaules .
R. mercicus ( Bagnall ).
b. bracteatus (Bagnall).
L. Black Bull Lane, Walton ; near Ince Blundell (j.a.w.).
R. viHicaulis (W. and N.). Sp. collectiv. Pilose-stemmed Bramble.
Native. Shrub. VII, VIII.
In woods and heathy places. Frequent in Cheshire. The
type form is not known with us.
b. Selmeri (Lindeb).
L. 1896, Simmonswood Moss ; 1900, Altcar (j.a.w.).
d. Calvatus (Blox.).
L. Crosby; 1893, Netherton (j.a.w.).
C. Outskirts of woods in the upper part of Wirral (f.m.w.).
R. gratus (Focke).
Hedges and thickets. Frequent in L.
L. 1894, Fazakerley; Aintree; 1896, Walton; 1901, Lydiate
(j.a.w.).
Discolores.
R. rusticanus (Merc.). Two-coloured-leaved Bramble. Native.
Native. Shrub. VII, VIII.
Hedges and thickets. Occasional in L. Common in C.
Silvatici,
R. lentiginosus (Lees.).
Borders of woods. Rare.
C. 1896, Eastham Woods (j.a.w.).
R. macrophyllus (Weihe). Large-leaved Bramble. Native. Shrub.
VII, VIII.
Hedges, &c. Occasional.
45
b. macrophyllus (W. and N.).
C. Hedge at the back of Mr. Ravenscroft’s, Claughton
(f.m.w.).
Vest it i.
R. Sprengelii (Wake). Sprengel’s Bramble. Native. Shrub.
VII, VIII.
Woods and shady hedgerows. Frequent.
b. Sprengelii (Weihe).
L. Hedges at Everton (D.) ; now destroyed. 1892, Walton ;
Simmonswood (j.a.w.).
C. In the Fir wood between Claughton and Bidston (f.m.w.).
1891, Eastham (j.a.w.).
R. leucostachys (Sm.). Long-clustered Bramble. Native. Shrub.
VII, VIII.
Hedges and waste places. Frequent.
L. In hedges near Walton and Walton Rakes (D.). Hedges
about Aintree (f.m.w.). Fazakerley ; about the Seven Pits
(j.a.w.).
Egregii.
R. mucronatus ( Blox ). Cuspidate-leaved Bramble. Native.
Shrub. VII, VIII.
Hedges and woods. Rare.
L. Ince Blundell (j.a.w.).
C. Patrick Wood, Bromborough (h.s.f.). Claughton (j.a.w.).
R. infestus (Weihe.).
Hedges and thickets. Rare.
L. 1894, Black Bull Lane, Walton (j.a.w.).
Radulse.
1 R. Radula (Weihe). )
1 Has been seen near to Chester, but just beyond our district. 1
R. oigoclados (M. and L.).
b. Newbouldii (Bab.).
L. 1898, Walton; Thornton; Netherton (j.a.w.).
Sub=Bellardiani.
R. iuscus (W. and N.).
c. macrostachys (P. J. Muell).
L. 1900, Walton; Hightown (j.a.w.).
46
R. pallid us ( W . awi V.).
Rare.
C. Thickets and the edges of the Fir woods at Claughton and
Bidston, and of the plantations on N. side of Birkenhead Park
(f.m.w.).
R. scaber ( Weihe). Rough Bramble. Native. Shrub. VII, VIII.
Open woods. Rare.
C. Patrick Wood, Bromborough (f.m.w.).
Koehleriani.
R. rosaceus ( W . and N.). Sp. collectiv. Rose-flowered Bramble.
Native. Shrub. VII, VIII.
Open woods. Occasional.
L. Hedges at Walton ; Bold Bridge Farm ; Farn worth
Quarry (h.s.f.).
C. Fir plantations at Claughton, particularly near the
entrance to Manor House Farm, Egerton Road, Claughton
(f.m.w.).
b. hystrix {W. and N.).
L. 1896, Simmonswood Moss (j.a.w.).
C. Near Eastham (j.a.w.).
c. silvestris (Murr.).
L. 1896, near Ince Blundell (j.a.w.).
C. 1894, Eastham Woods (j.a.w.).
R. Koehleri ( W . and N.). Koehler’s Bramble. Native. Shrub.
VII, VIII.
[a. Koehleri {Weihe).
L. Hedges at Walton and Everton (h.s.f.).
C. Hedges at Bromborough (h.s.f.).]
Note. — It is doubtful whether the type-form occurs with us.
var. dasyphyllus {Rogers).
C. Bidston Hill and Oxton (j.a.w.).
Caesii.
R. dumetorum {W. and N.). VI-VIII.
Hedges and thickets. Common.
a. fevox [Weihe.).
L. 1894, Crosby; Walton; Aintree ; Maghull (j.a.w.).
C. Bidston Hill (j.a.w.).
47
b. diversifolius (Lindley).
Hedges, &c. Rare in Lancashire. Frequent in Cheshire.
L. “ Hedges” (h.s.f.).
C. “ Hedges; about the first Bramble that we find in flower”
(f.m.w.).
e. tuberculatus (Bab.).
Hedges, &c. Not recorded from Cheshire.
L. Frequent in hedges at Walton and Everton (h.s.f.).
f. concinnns (Warren).
L. 1896, Walton (j.a.w.).
R. corylifolius. Small Hazel-leaved Bramble. Native. Shrub.
VII, VIII.
Hedges and thickets. Very common.
a. sublustris (Lees).
L. In hedges, Walton ; Aintree ; Netherton (j.a.w.).
Note. — A remarkable form of this plant occurs in several places near
Walton, with large septenate leaves.
[b. conjugens (Bab.).
C. In hedges in several parts of Wirral (f.m.w.).
c. purpureus (Bab.).
C. About Oxton and Bidston Heaths (f.m.w.).]
R. caesius (L.). Fig. 179. Dewberry. Native. Shrub. VII, VIII.
On the sandhills, very common. Hedgebanks, frequent.
b. aquaticus (W . and N.).
L. 1894, Crosby sandhills ; Formby; Southport (j.a.w.).
C. Wallasey; West Kirby (j.a.w.).
c. intermedins (Bab.).
L. 1896, Fazakerley (j.a.w.).
d. ulmifolius.
C. Dunsdale Valley near Frodsham (j.f.r.). Bank on Grange
Hill (Dr. o.).
R. rosaceus x Sprengelii.
L. 1896, Ince Blundell (j.a.w.).
R. leucostachys x mercicus. var. b. bracteatns.
L. 1896, Aintree (j.a.w.).
Note. — In this critical genus the field work was originally done almost
entirely by Messrs. H. S. Fisher and F. M. Webb.
During the thirty years that have elapsed since that period, the nomen-
clature of Rubus has been completely transformed by the work of experts,
so that in the ninth edition of The London Catalogue of British Plants, 1895,
48
there are recorded no less than 165 species and sub-species. The Liverpool
Flora of 1872 contained 19 species, as against 43 species and sub-species in
this edition.
We are entirely indebted to Mr. J. A. Wheldon, F.L.S., for the present
rearrangement of this difficult family, by which its nomenclature is brought
up to modern requirements.
The Handbook of the British Rubi, by Rev. W. Moyle Rogers, is recom-
mended for study.
Geum (. L .). Avens.
G. urbanum (L.). Fig. 180. Wood Avens. Native. P. VI-VIII.
Hedgebanks and thickets Common.
G. intermedium ( Ehrh .). Intermediate Avens. Native. P. VI, VII.
In moist places. Very rare.
L. In a ditch between the Horn Smithies and the entrance to
Knowsley Park'(D.).
G. rivale (L.). Fig. 181. Water Avens. Native. P. VI, VII.
In moist places. Very rare.
L. By the side of a brook below Childwall Abbey ; Bath
Wood, Ormskirk (D.), (?) now extinct.
C. 1875, Banks of Moors Brook, between Alvanley and
Manley (r.b.). 1886, Field by the R. Gowey at Wimbold’s
Trafford (r.h.d.).
Fragaria (A.). Strawberry.
F. vesca (L.). Fig, 182. Strawberry. Native. P. V, VI.
Woods and hedgebanks. Common.
F. elatior (Ehrh.). Hautbois Strawberry. Alien. P. V, VI.
Banks and hedgerows. Rare.
L. Banks of the R. Mersey, near the Decoy (D.) ; probably
wild here (Dr. j. b. wood). Roby, by a ditch side, seemingly
indigenous (f.p.m.).
Potentilla ( L .). Cinque-foil.
P. Fragariaslrum (Ehrh.). Fig. 183. Barren Strawberry. Native.
P. IV, V.
Woods, banks, &c. Common.
P. Tormentilla (Neck). Fig. 184*. Tormentil. Native. P. V-VIII.
On heaths, in open woods, &c. Very common.
P. procumbens (Sibth.). Creeping Tormentil. Native. P. VI-VIII.
Hedge banks and waste places. Occasional.
C. Neston, &c.
49
P. reptans ( L .). Fig. 185. Creeping Cinque-foil. Native. P.
VI-IX.
Pastures, banks and roadsides. Common.
P. anserina ( L .). Fig. 186. Silverweed. Native. P. V-VIII.
Roadsides, pastures and waste places. Common.
P. argentea (L.). Hoary Cinque-foil. Native. P. VI-VIII.
Dry banks and roadsides. Very rare.
C. 1857, Bank of River Dee, near Parkgate (D.); there in
1867 ( t.g.). Railway banks near Chester (j.f.r.).
P. Comarum ( Nestl .). Fig. 187. Marsh Cinque-foil. Native. P.
VI-VIII.
■{Comarum palustre (L.).)
Ponds and marshy places. Frequent.
L. Kirkby ; Barton ; Halsall ; Lydiate.
C. Plentiful around ponds about Claughton Moor; Landican;
Irby; Willaston to Ledsham ; Denhall ; The Strawberry;
Little Sutton (Dr. g.). West Kirby; Dunham.
Alchemilla (L.). Lady’s Mantle.
A. arvensis (Lam.). Fig. 188. Parsley Piert. Native. A.
V- VIII.
Cultivated fields and waste places. Common.
A. vulgaris (L.). Fig. 189. Lady’s Mantle. Native. P. V-VIII.
Pastures and waysides. Locally common.
L. Walton Junction ; Kirkby; Rainford ; Orrell ; &c.
C. Dibbinsdale ; Plimyard Dale ; Raby ; Shotwick ; &c.
.a. pratmsis (Schmidt).
L. 1892, Railbanks at Walton (j.a.w.).
Agrimonia (L.). Agrimony.
A. Eupatoria (L.). Fig. 190. Agrimony. Native. P. VI-VIII.
Sides of fields and waste places. Frequent.
L. Gateacre ; Hale ; &c.
C. Bidston ; Prenton ; Leasowe ; Newton ; Dawpool ; Park-
gate ; Mollington ; Stoke.
Poterium (L.). Burnet.
P. Sanguisorba (L.). Fig. 191. Salad Burnet. Native. P.
VI- VIII.
Borders of fields. Very rare.
L. Below Halsall (D.).
50
P. officinale (Hook). Fig. 192. Great Burnet. Native. P.
VI-V1II.
(Sanguisorba officinalis , (L .).)
Moist Meadows. Very rare.
L. In a meadow at Parkgate Farm, Lathom (D.). Ponds
by Rufford Station.
C. 1851, Field between Weston Canal and Aston Hall (D.).
1880, Meadows on the W. side of the Weaver Valley between
Frodsham Bridge and Cotton Hall (r.b.).
Group /. — Spinosissimse. Rosa (L.). Rose.
R. spinosissima (L.). Fig. 193. Burnet-leaved Rose. Native.
Shrub. V, VI.
Sandhills, very common. Hedges (inland), occasional.
C. Rocks at Burton Point; Hedges at Greasby ; Landican ;
Mount Road, Prenton Hill (Dr. g.).
R. hibernica (Sm.). Fig. 194. Irish Burnet Rose. (?) Native.
Shrub. VI, VII.
In hedges. Very rare and local.
a. eu-hibernica (Baker).
C. In the low hedge by the bridge which crosses the Birket,
taking the path from Great Meols towards Leasowe (f.m.w.).
b. glabra (Baker).
C. Hedges about Great Meols ; Hoylake ; Hedges on Irby
Mill Hill ; Frankby Heath ; Roadside hedge between Raby
Water Mill and Raby Village (f.m.w.).
R. pimpinellifolia x canina = R. hibernica (Sm.), var. glabra (Baker).
C. 1899, Hoylake (j.a.w.).
This hybrid is so abundant as to fill many of the hedges, and except one
bush of R. Doniana, or possibly R. Robertsoni, it belongs exclusively to
the var. glabra. Its hybrid origin is shown by the universally abortive
fruit. — A. H. Wolley Dod, in Bot. Exch. Club Report, 1899.
R. involuta (Sm.). Sabine’s Rose. (?) Native. Shrub. VI, VII.
b. Sabini (Woods).
In hedges. Rare.
C. In a hedge at Liscard ; a bush or two on a small heath
near Bebington Station (D.). Near Raby Mere; Eastham
(h.s.f.). Hedge bordering S. side of Upton Road, W. of
Claughton Village ; Hedge by roadside entering Greasby ; and
in hedge of the lane leading thence to Irby (f.m.w.).
Fig. 190.
Fig. 187. POTENTILLA COMARUM
Fig. 189. ALCHEMILLA VULGARIS.
AGRIMONIA EUPATORiA.
Fig. 193. ROSA SPINOSISSIMA.
Fig. 194.
ROSA HIBERNICA.
5i
Group II. — Villosss.
R. mollis ( Sm .). Fig. 195. Soft-leaved Rose. Native. Shrub.
VI, VII.
In hedges. Rare.
L. Bath Wood, Ormskirk (t.w. ; h.s.f.).
C. Hoylake (h.s.f.). Hedges inland of Parkgate (f.m.w.).
b. ccevulea {Woods).
C. A form having glabrous calyx tube and peduncles grows
by the roadside between Saughall and Upton (f.m.w.).
R. tomentosa {Sm.). Fig. 196. Downy-leaved Rose. Native.
Shrub. VI, VII.
In hedges and bushy places. Frequent.
C. About Storeton; Meols ; Raby Mere; Ledsham ; Back-
ford; Mollington; &c.
Group III. — Rubiginosse.
R. rubiginosa (A.). Fig. 197. Sweetbriar. Denizen. Shrub.
V-VII.
C. 1880, a few plants above the Red Noses, New Brighton,
probably escaped from cultivation (Dr. g.).
Group IV. — Caninss.
R. canina (L.). Fig. 198. Dog Rose. Native. Shrub. VI, VII.
a. lutetiana {Leman).
Hedges and thickets. Very common.
e. dumalis {Bechst.).
Hedges and thickets. Very common.
g. urbica {Leman).
Hedges, &c. Very common.
j. dumetorum {Thuill.).
Hedges. Frequent in Cheshire, and observed in two or three
places on the Lancashire side (f.m.w.).
n. tomentilla {Leman).
C. One bush at corner of lane leading from Greasby to Irby,
which has characters intermediate between it and e. dumalis ;
it may be k. obtusifolia, Desv. (f.m.w.).
p. verticillacantha {Mevat.).
C. Upton Road just W. of Claughton Village; between
Moreton and Hoylake (f.m.w.). Frodsham (j.f.r.).
Note. — Some of the plants have hispid, and others smooth peduncles (f.m.w.).
52
R. Crepiniana ( Deseglise ).
C. Hedges of the fields between Moreton and Hoylake
(f.m.w.).
Group V. — Systylae.
R. arvensis ( Finds .). Fig. 199. White-flowered Trailing Rose.
Native. Shrub. VI-VIII.
In hedges, &c. Very common.
R. cinnamomea (A.).
L. As a casual where the railway crosses the R. Alt at
Kirkby (w.s.).
Note. — Plants of R. hibernica, R. involuta, b Sabina, R. involuta, k. Wilsoni,
and other rare or critical forms were brought from their places of growth
and planted in the hedges in the Sandcroft, Claughton Village, by Mr.
F. M. Webb, about 1870.
Our knowledge of the local Roses is almost entirely due to Messrs.
Fisher and Webb. More recent work, however, is eminently desirable.
Authority for Rosa , Rev. W. Moyle Rogers.
Pyrus (. A .).
P. torminalis ( Ehvh .). Wild Service Tree. Denizen. Tree. V, VI.
L. Originally planted on the rocks at Knot’s Hole, near
Liverpool, by the River Mersey (f.m.w.).
P. Aria ( Sni .). Fig. 200. The White Beam Tree. Denizen.
Tree. V.
In plantations. Common. Always planted.
P. Aucuparia (Gaertn.). Fig. 201. Mountain Ash. Rowan.
Native or Denizen. Tree. V, VI.
Frequent, but often planted.
L. It is truly wild on S. side of Simmonswood Moss, very
dwarfed.
C. Truly wild on Bidston and Overton Hills. Barnston
Dale; Capenhurst (Dr. g.).
P. communis (A.). Fig. 202. Wild Pear. Denizen. Tree. IV, V.
a. Pyraster (A.). On both sides of the River Mersey. Occasional.
C. Raby Mere (Miss w.). Saughall Massie ; Heath Lane,
Stoke (Dr. G.).
P. malus (A.). Fig. 203. Crab-apple. Native. Tree. IV, V.
Hedges and woods. Frequent, but decreasing.
a. acerba (D. C.).
Frequent.
Fig 202.
PYRUS COMMUNIS.
53
b. mitis (Wallr.).
Common.
C. About Bebington ; Raby Mere ; Ness ; Capenhurst ; &c.
Authority on Pyrus, Rev. Augustin Ley.
Crataegus (. L .). Hawthorn.
C. Oxyacantha (L.). Fig. 204. Whitethorn, Hawthorn, or May.
Native. Tree. V, VI.
a. oxyacanthoides (Thuill).
In hedges. Rare.
C. 1867, Cattenhall near Frodsham (j.f.r.). Birkenhead
Park, probably planted (f.m.w.).
d. monogyna ( Jacq .).
In hedges, woods, &c. Very common, but frequently planted.
SAXIFRAGES.
Saxifraga (L.). Saxifrage.
S. tridactylites (L.). Fig. 205. Rue-leaved Saxifrage. Native.
A. IV-VII.
The sandhills, frequent. On walls, rare.
L. The sandhills between Liverpool and Southport (H.).
C. The sandhills from New Brighton to West Kirby ; old
walls at Bidston and Wallasey (D.). Walls at Prenton
(h.s.f. ; f.p.m.). 1876, Walls at Greasby ; 1898, Walls at
Frankby ; Walls in Town Lane, Higher Bebington (r.b.).
S. granulata (L.) Fig. 206. Meadow Saxifrage. Denizen. P.
V, VI.
Open grassy places. Very rare. Planted.
L. In Woolton Park, with double flowers (H.). In an open
part of a wood at the top of Jack Lane, West Derby (D.).
Chrysosplenium (L.). Golden Saxifrage.
C. oppositifolium (L.). Fig. 207- Opposite-leaved Golden Saxifrage.
Native. P. IV, V.
In damp shady places. Occasional.
C. About Raby Mere ; along the brook in Barnston Dale.
C. alternifolium (L). Fig. 208. Alternate-leaved Golden Saxifrage.
Native. P. IV.
Boggy places in Flint. Local.
F. Nant-y-Flint, by the stream (r.b.).
54
Parnassia (L.)„
P. palustris (L.). Fig. 209. Grass of Parnassus. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Moist places among the sandhills. Frequent.
C. Behind Leasowe embankment; The Langfields, and at
West Kirby. Near Queensferry (r.h.d.).
Ribes (L.).
R. Grossularia ( L .). Fig. 210. Gooseberry. Denizen. Shrub.
IV, V.
Hedges, &c. Occasional, and always as an escape from culti-
vation.
C. About Bidston; Moreton ; Raby Mere ; Heswall ; Ness
Holt; Burton.
R. alpinum (L.). Fig. 211. Tasteless Mountain Currant. Denizen.
Shrub. IV, V.
L. Planted in waste places near Burscough Abbey (D.).
R. rubrum (L.). Fig. 212. Red Currant. Denizen. Shrub.
IV, V.
a. sativum (Reichb.).
Hedges, &c. Occasional, and always as an escape from culti-
vation.
C. Heswall ; Dibbinsdale (Dr. G.).
R. nigrum (L.). Fig. 213. Black Currant. Denizen. Shrub.
IV, V.
Hedges, &c., generally near houses. Occasional, and always
as an escape from cultivation.
C. Heath Lane, Stoke (Dr. g.).
CRASSULACE^E.
Cotyledon (L.). Navelwort.
C. umbilicus (L.). Fig. 214. Navelwort. Native. P. VI-VIII.
On old walls, stony hedge banks, &c. Occasional. More
frequent in the Cheshire than the Lancashire portion of the
district.
L. About Aughton (D.). Speke (j.h.l.).
C. Lanes about Poulton ; between Egremont and New
Brighton (H.). Higher Tranmere ; Walls at Noctorum Farm
(D.). 1875, Lane leading E. from Little Neston ; 1876, about
Thurstaston ; Higher Bebington ; Roadside above Heswall
Church ; Lanes at Barnston and Storeton (r.b.). Lane
between Gayton and the Windmill (f.m.w.). S. of Bidston
Hill (Dr. G.).
Fig. 20S. CHRYSOSPLENIUM ALTERNIFOLIUM. Fig. 209. PARNASSIA PALUSTRIS.
Fig 214. COTYLEDON UMBILICUS. Fig. 215. SEDUM TELEPHIUM.
H
55
Sedum (L.). Stonecrop.
S. Telephium (L.). Fig. 215. Orpine or Live-long. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
a . pUYpurascens (Koch).
Hedgebanks and the borders of fields. Occasional.
L. By the fieldsides between Club Moor and Norris Green,
West Derby (D.). 1866, Lane N.E. of Walton Church ;
Hedgebank just beyond Fazakerley Station (w.h.).
C. Oxton ; Lane between Tranmere and Prenton (H.).
Overton Hills (j.f.r.). About Heswall (Mrs. s. b.). Lane near
Prenton, leading toward Woodchurch ; 1875, Lane between
Gay ton and Heswall; between Little Neston and Denhall
Colliery; between Little Neston and the Chester Road; 1878,
Lane by the Hill Houses, West Kirby (r.b.). Cop just S. of
West Kirby Park Station (e.d.). Lane between Gayton and
the Windmill; Lane between Caldy and West Kirby (f.m.w.).
S. anglicum (Huds.). Fig. 216. White English Stonecrop. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
Rocks and dry sandy ground near the sea. Rare and local.
C. About Grange and West Kirby, and extending to Park-
gate (D.). Burton Point (r.b.). Side of road, quarter
mile W. of Burton (LorddeT. ; f.m.w.). Caldy; Heswall
(Dr. G.).
S. acre (L.). Fig. 217. Bitting Yellow Stonecrop. Native. P.
VI-VIII.
Sandhills, very common. Banks and walls inland, frequent.
S. reflexum (L.). Yellow Stonecrop. Alien. P. VI, VII.
On walls and roofs. Very rare, and planted.
Sempervivum (L.). House-leek.
S. tectorum (L.). Fig. 218. House-leek. Alien. P. VII.
On walls and roofs. Occasional, and planted.
C. Saughall Massie ; Raby ; Frankby; Irby; N. of Meols ;
Ness; Burton; &c. (Dr. g.).
D ROSE RACEME.
Drosera (L.). Sundew.
D. rotundifolia (L.). Fig. 219. Round-leaved Sundew. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
Wet heathy places, decreasing as drainage progresses. Local.
L. Hollows among the sandhills at Formby.
C. Oxton Heath ; Heswall ; Thurstaston.
56
D. anglica (Finds.). Fig. 220. Long-leaved Sundew. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
The mosses in Lancashire. Local.
D. intermedia (. Hayne ). Fig. 221. Little Sundew. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Wet heathy places. Local.
L. Simmonswood and Rainford Mosses.
C. 1894, Thurstaston.
HALORAGE/E.
Hippuris ( L .). Mare’s Tail.
H. vulgaris (L.). Fig. 222. Mare’s Tail. Native. P. VI-VIII.
Ditches and marshes, generally near the coast. Locally
frequent.
L. Inland ; Crosby to Birkdale.
C. Bidston Marsh, and thence to Meols.
Myriophyllum (L.). Water Milfoil.
M. verticillatum (L.). Fig. 223. Whorled Water Milfoil. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
Ponds and ditches. Rare.
L. 1876, Ditches in Headbolt Lane, between Ainsdale and
Formby Hall; about Altcar, and between Lydiate Station and
the R. Alt (r.b.) ; about Altcar in 1900 (Dr. g.).
M. spicatum ( L .). Fig. 224. Spiked Water Milfoil. Native.
P. VI, VII.
Ponds and ditches. Frequent.
C. Birkenhead Park Lake ; Leasowe ; Meols Pond ; Lang-
fields ; S. U. Canal (Dr. g.).
M. aiterniflorum ( D . C.). Fig. 225. Alternate Flowered Water
Milfoil. Native. P. VII, VIII.
Ponds and ditches. Occasional.
L. Ditches and ponds at Southport (D.). Bold Bridge Farm
(h.s.f.).
C. Pond near New Brighton (h.s.f.). Ponds near Lower
Bebington ; on the road to Parkgate ; near Queensferry (j.s.).
Ditch at Frodsham (j.f.r.). Pond on Hilbre (MissC.G-). Pond
off Holm Lane, Oxton (f.m.w.). Pond off the road half a mile
S. of Hadlow Road Station (r.b.). 1894, near Prenton; Raby;
The Langfields, West Kirby (Dr. g.).
Fig. 224. MYRIOPHYLLUM SPICATUM.
Fig. 225. MYRIOPHYLLUM ALTERNIFLORUM.
I
57
CallitrJche (L.). Water Starwort.
C. stagnalis (Scop.). Fig. 226. Large-fruited Water Starwort.
Native. P. IV-IX.
Ponds and ditches. Frequent.
C. hamulata ( Kuetz ). Fig. 227. Hooked Water Starwort. Native.
P. VI-VIII.
Ponds and ditches. Frequent.
C. Stream below Raby Mere.
b. pedunculata ( D . C.). Frequent.
LYTHRARIEiE.
Ly thrum (L.). Loosestrife.
L. Salicaria (L.). Fig. 228. Purple Loosestrife. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
In wet places. Frequent.
Peplis ( L .). Water Purslane.
P. Portula ( L .). Fig. 229. Water Purslane. Native. A. VII, VIII.
In wet places. Occasional.
C. Thurstaston ; S. of Hadlow Road Station.
ONAGRARIE^E.
Epilobium (L.). Willow Herb.
E. angustifolium (L.). Fig. 230. Rose Bay, or Flowering Willow.
(?) Native. P. VII, VIII.
In damp places. Very rare.
L. Kirkby Moss (D.). Near Ormskirk (t.w.). 1893, Formby
Sandhills.
C. Wood between Childer Thornton Church and Hooton Hall
Racing Stables, probably planted (r.b.).
b. brachycarpum (Lcight.).
The cultivated form, probably as an escape from cultivation.
C. 1867, Helsby, on a claybank (j.f.r.). 1880 to 1901,
Grange Hill, just above the Hill Houses (r.b.). 1893, near
Prenton (w. h. Holt). Storeton Hill; 1901, Raby Lane, near
Hooton Station (Dr. g.).
E. hirsutum (L.). Fig. 231. Great Hairy Willow Herb. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
In wet places. Common.
58
E. parviflorum ( Schreb .). Fig. 232. Small-flowered Willow Herb.
Native. P. VII, VIII.
In watery places. Frequent.
C. Langfields, West Kirby; Canal bank below Backford.
E. montanum (L.). Fig. 233. Broad-leaved Willow Herb. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
Hedge banks, &c., and as a weed in gardens. Common.
E. tetragonum (L.). Long-podded, Square-stalked Willow Herb.
Native. P. VII, VIII.
In damp places. Rare.
L. Railway bank by the bridge, close to Roby Station (f.m.w.).
C. 1875, on left side of the road, about quarter of a mile from
the old Ferry House, Parkgate, towards Leighton Hall
(f.m.w.). 1901, careful search failed to find it here (Dr. g.).
E. obscurum (Schreb.). Fig. 235. Native. P. VII, VIII.
In wet places. Occasional.
C. Railway cutting between Neston and Willaston ; Over-
pool (Dr. g.). Newton-cum-Larton.
E. palustre ( L .). Fig. 235. Narrow-leaved Marsh Willow Herb.
Native. P. VII, VIII.
In wet places. Occasional.
L. Barton ; Altcar ; &c.
C. Pond between Bidston and Upton ; Ditches about Bebing-
ton ; near Raby Mere ; Hooton Station ; Mollington ; Back-
ford ; Stoke; S. U. Canal (Dr. g.).
Authority for Epilobium, E. S. Marshall.
CE noth era (L.).
(Enothera biennis (L.). Fig. 236. Evening Primrose. B. VII-IX.
Native in Lancashire. Escaped from cultivation in Cheshire.
The sandhills. Local.
L. The sandhills at various places from Crosby to Southport,
especially about Formby (H.). It has spread chiefly along the
L. and Y. Railway line.
C. Sandy fields near Leasowe Castle (f.m.w.). 1892, E. side
of Grange Hill ; near Wallasey ; waste ground at West Kirby;
1901, waste ground about Bidston Junction (Dr. g.).
Circaea (L.).
C. lutetiana (L.). Fig. 237. Enchanter’s Nightshade. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
In damp, shady places. Occasional.
59
L. Croxteth Woods; about the Old Hut, Hale; Bath Wood,
and Sayer’s Wood, near Ormskirk (D.).
C. Eastham ; &c. (D.). Rock Savage Wood, Frodsham
(j.f.r.). Patrick Wood, Bromborough (j.h.l.). Near Poole
Hall ; Raby Mere and Dibbinsdale ; Shotwick Dale (Dr. g.).
C. alpina (L.). Mountain Enchanter’s Nightshade. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Woods in hilly districts. Very rare.
L. In shady places on Billiage Beacon, near St. Helens (D.).
There are no recent records.
CUCURBITACE^.
Bryonia (. L .).
B. dioica (L.). Fig. 238. White Briony. Native. P. VI-IX.
In hedges. Rare.
L. Hedge on Ditton Marsh (D.), (?) extinct.
C. 1850, Hedges at Weston, near the Soapworks ; 1852, near
Ince (D.). Hedge at Prenton (Mrs.T.G., jun), (?) extinct.
1897, Hedges between Blacon Point and Chester; 1901, Dee
Cop, one mile below Chester (Dr. g.).
UMBELLIFER^.
Hydrocotyle ( L .). Pennywort.
H. vulgaris (L.). Fig. 239. Marsh Pennywort. Native. P. V-VIII.
Damp heaths and other wet places. Common.
L. Hollows among the sandhills ; Ditches about Formby,
Haskayne, and Barton.
C. Heaths at Oxton and Thurstaston ; about Leasowe ;
below Raby Mere ; about ponds at Capenhurst ; &c.
Eryngium (L.). Sea Holly.
E. maritimum (L.). Fig. 250. Sea Holly. Native. P. VII, VIII.
The sandhills. Occasional.
L. At intervals between Hightown and Birkdale ; 1885, one
plant just above the river bank between St. Michael’s and
Fulwood (r.b.).
C. Sandhills at Wallasey, Leasowe, and West Kirby ; Banks
of the River Dee at Heswall, Parkgate, and Burton Point.
F. Sandhills about the Point of Air.
6o
Sanicula (L.).
S. europaea (L.). Fig. 241. Wood Sanicle. Native. P. VI, VII.
Woods and shady places. Frequent.
L. Speke.
C. About Bromborough, Willaston, Gayton, Shotwick,
Prenton, &c.
F. Mostyn to Ffynnon Groew ; Holywell; Northop; Kel-
sterton.
Conium (L.). Hemlock.
C. maculatum (L.). Fig. 242. Hemlock. Native. B. VI-VIII.
Waste places, hedge banks, &c. Occasional.
L. Southport; Croxteth Woods (D.). Canal bank near
Lydiate; Roadside at Hightown and Formby; Lane leading
N. from Victoria Road, Crosby; Waste ground between
Altcar and Lydiate (r.b.). Aintree (j.a.w.).
C. Ellesmere Port ; near Saughall Massie (D.). Near Love
Lane, Wallasey; about Bidston, thence to Moreton; Caldy
Hill (f.m.w.). Hedge bank between Neston and Leighton.
Helsby Hill and Netherton (j.f.r.). Roadside, half a mile
beyond the stone bridge near the College, Chester, towards
Little Saughall ; in two places at Backford ; between Water
Lane, Ince, and Holme House and W. of Manley (r.b.).
Newton-cum-Larton ; Ness; Field W. of Burton Church-
yard ; Lane to “ Westwood,” Noctorum (Dr. g.).
Stnyrnium (L.). Alexanders.
S. olusatrum (L.). Fig. 243. Alexanders. Native. B. or P. V, VI.
Waste places and woods. Occasional.
C. Lane between Moreton and Leasowe (D.) Field near
West Kirby Church (Missc. g.). 1877, small coppice on N.
slope of Grange Hill — there in 1901 ; 1883, rocky side of the
road above Heswall Church ; Lane leading from the Hill
Houses towards the railway at West Kirby (r.b.). 1875, Lane
at Ness, above Denhall (e.d.). 1880 and 1897, about Wal-
lasey; 1901, corner of lane to Saughall Massie from Carr
(Dr. G.).
Bupleurum (L.). Hare’s-ear.
B. rotundifolium (L.). Fig. 244. Hare’s-ear. Casual. A. VI, VII.
Rubbish heaps near the canal and docks. Very rare.
L. 1901, Canal banks below the race course, near Aintree
(J.a.w.).
C. Ballast about the Birkenhead Docks.
Fig. 246 API U M GRAVEOLENS.
Fig. 247. API U M NODIFLORUM.
Fig 249. CICUTA VIROSA.
Fig. 250. AMMI MAJUS.
Fig. 251. CARUM CARUI.
6i
B. tenuissimum ( L .). Fig. 255. Slender Hare’s-ear. (?) Native.
A. VII, VIII.
Waste places near the sea. Very rare.
C. By Bromborough Pool (Missc. g.) — destroyed by Port Sun-
light works.
F. Banks of the River Dee, below Queensferry (D.).
A pi am (L.).
A. graveolens (L.). Fig. 256. Wild Celery. Native. P. VII-IX.
Marshes and ditches near the sea. Frequent.
L. Hightown ; Birkdale ; Hale ; Dungeon ; Garston.
C. Bromborough Pool ; Shotwick ; Bidston Ford ; Leasowe ;
Newton-cum-Larton.
F. Greenfield ; E. Cop of River Dee, from Queensferry
towards Chester.
A. nodEiiorum ( Reichb .). Fig. 257. Procumbent Water Parsnep.
Native. P. VII, VIII.
( Hclosciadium nodiflorum {Koch.).)
Ditches and marshy places. Common.
A. inundatum {Reichb.). Fig. 258. Submerged Water Parsnep.
Native. P. VII, VIII.
Ponds and ditches. Occasional.
L. Formby Marsh (D.). Ormskirk (t.w.). Pond between
Aintree and Ford Cemetery; Pond between Great and Little
Crosby (f.m.w.). Ditches between Haskayne and Formby
(R.B.).
C. Eastham (h.s.f.). West Kirby (Miss s. b.). Hoylake
(Missc. g.). Ponds on Claughton Moor, and at S.W. corner of
Oxton Heath (f.m.w.). Ditch near Frodsham Score (j.f.r.).
Pond by the footpath between Bromborough Station and the
Village (r.b.). Bordering Bromborough Pool; near Poole
Hall ; Ponds between Willaston and Ness (Dr. g.).
F. Small pond just before entering Northop from Connah’s
Quay (r.b.).
Cicuta (A.). Water Hemlock.
C. virosa {L.). Fig. 259. Water Hemlock. Native. P. VII, VIII.
Margins of ponds. Very rare.
C. 1875, Pond between Dunham Heath and Long Green,
and below Dunham-on-the-Hill ; Banks of the S.U. Canal,
where it is joined by the footpath from Mollington Station
(r.b.), (?) extinct.
Note — There are several localities near the above stations, but just
beyond our “ district.”
I
62
Ammi (L.).
A. majus (L.). Fig. 250. Great Ammi. Casual. A. VI, VII.
Waste places. Very rare, and not permanent.
C. Ballast by the Birkenhead Docks (t. g. ; &c.).
Carum ( L .).
C. Petroselinum (. Benth .). Parsley. A garden escape. B. VI-VIII.
Waste places. Very rare.
C. Waste ground between Oxton Heath and Bidston Road
(R.B.).
C. Carui (L.). Fig. 251. Caraway. Casual. B. VI.
Pastures. Very rare.
L. Near Mossley Hill (H.). On each side of the road from
Oakvale to Roby, and on railway banks between these places
(D.). 1883, a single plant on the sandhills between Formby
and Freshfield (r.b.). 1901, Aintree (j.a.w.).
C. New Brighton golf links (Missw-).
Sison (L.). Stonewort.
S. Amomum (L.). Fig. 252. Stonewort. Native. B. VIII-X.
Hedgebanks. Occasional in Lancashire; frequent in Cheshire.
C. About Upton, and between West Kirby and Newton-cum-
Larton (D.). Saughall Massie (f.m.w. ; Mrs. s. b.: &c.). Stoke
(j.s.). About Capenhurst (f.m.w.), extending N. to Ledsham
and at intervals S. to Mollington ; just after crossing the canal
at Stoke towards Picton ; between Alvanley and Horns Mill ;
between Picton and the Chester road to Frodsham high road;
1881, between Mollington Station and Backford ; 1883, Shot-
wick; between Grange and Thurstaston (r.b.). 1875, frequent
about Hapsford and Dunham-on-the-Hill (w.w.n.).
F. Near Queensferry (j.s.). Several places on the Sealands
(r.b.). Blacon Point; just below Great Saughall Station
(Dr. G.).
Sium ( L .).
S. erectum ( Huds .). Fig. 253. Water Parsnep. Native. P.
VII-IX.
(5. angustifolium (L.).)
Watery places. Frequent.
L. Freshfield.
C. Bidston Ford ; Leasowe ; Mollington ; Denhall ; Blacon
Point.
63
/Egopodium (L.). Goutweed.
JE. Podagraria (L.). Fig. 254. Goutweed. Native. P. VI, VII.
Damp hedgebanks, plantations, often near villages. Frequent.
C. Near Woodchurch; Thornton Hough; Hooton ; Shot-
wick ; Backford ; Stoke.
Pimpinella (L.). Burnet Saxifrage.
P. Saxifraga (L.). Fig. 255. Burnet Saxifrage. Native. P.
VII-IX.
Pastures and bushy places. Frequent.
P. major (Finds.). Great Burnet Saxifrage. Native. P. VII, VIII.
(P. magnet (L.).)
Banks and waysides. Very rare.
C. Near Parkgate (LorddeT.). Roadside between Alvanley
Station and Horns Mill (f.m.w. ; w.w.n.). There is no recent
record.
Conopodium (Koch).
C. deaudatum (Koch). Fig. 256. Earth Nut. Native. P. V.-VII.
(Bunium flexuosum (With.).)
In fields and open places in woods. Common.
Myrrh is (Scop.). Sweet Cicely.
M. odorata (Scop.). Fig. 257. Sweet Cicely. Native. P. V, VI.
Hedgebanks and waste places near Farms, probably planted ;
but native by brooks near the old moss ground. Rare.
L. Lathom ; Bickerstaffe ; Simmonswood ; near Maghull
Churchyard (D.). Between Orrell Station and Billinge (Field
club). 1879. Hedgebanks between Burscough and Lathom
Park; by Simmonswood Brook, between Kirkby Church and
the old Mill Dam (r.b.).
C. About Prenton Village (f.m.w.), (?) extinct (Dr. g.).
Chserophyllum (L.).
C. temulum (L.). Fig. 258. Rough Chervil. Native. P. VI-VIII.
Hedgebanks and waste places. Common.
Scandix (L.).
S. Pecten=Veneris (L.). Fig. 259. Venus’ Comb. Colonist.
A. VI-IX.
Cultivated fields, and on ballast about the Docks. Occasional.
L. 1884, Roadside, a short distance inland of Hightown
Station (Dr. w.). 1892, Fields near Ford (j.a.w.).
64
C. 1875, Lane behind Parkgate ; 1877, Cornfields between
Willaston and the Windmill; 1877, Leighton; near Little
Neston ; frequently found about the Birkenhead Docks (r.b.),
F. Cultivated fields behind Flint (r.b.).
S. australis (L.). Fig. 260
L. As a casual, 1892, in a field between Walton and Aintree
(j.A.W.).
Anthriscus ( Hoffm .)
A. vulgaris ( Pers .). Fig. 261. Rough beaked-Parsley. Native.
B. V, VII.
Roadsides, &c., generally near houses or the sea. Frequent.
C. Bidston; Wallasey; Irby; Grange Hill; W. of Willaston.
A. sylvestris [Hoffm.), Fig. 262. Smooth beaked-Parsley. Native.
B. IV-VI.
Hedgebanks. Common.
Foeniculum [Hoffm.). Fennel.
F. officinale [All.). Fig. 263- Fennel. Casual in L. and C.
Colonist in F. P. VI-IX.
Railway banks, sandhills, &c. Rare.
L. Occasionally found on the sandhills, &c.
C. Occasionally found on the sandhills. Bidston Hill ; East-
ham (Dr. G.).
F. Banks of the mineral railway at Greenfield, and a few
plants towards Bagillt (r.b.).
Coriandrum [L.).
C. sativum (L.). Coriander. Casual. A. VI, VII.
Waste ground, and ballast about the docks. Rare, and not
permanent.
OEnanthe (L.). Water Dropwort.
(E. fistulosa [L.). Fig. 26$. Water Dropwort. Native. P.
VI-VIII.
Ditches and Marshes. Frequent.
L. Hightown. Inland of Formby.
C. From Bidston Marsh to West Kirby; Blacon Point;
Backford ; Little Sutton ; Irby ; Ellesmere Port ; &c.
GE. Lachenalii [Gmel.). Fig. 265. Parsley Water Dropwort.
Native. P. VII-IX.
Ditches and marshes near the sea. Frequent.
Fig. 262. ANTHRISCUS SYLVESTRIS.
Fig. 263. FCENICULUM VULGARE.
65
L. Hightown.
C. Bidston Marsh : Leasowe ; Ho)dake ; Bromborough
Pool ; by River Gowey, near Ellesmere Port.
Note. — This species is less frequent in Lancashire than Cheshire.
(E. crocata (L.). Fig. 266. Hemlock Water Dropwort. Native.
P. VI-VIII.
Ditches, &c. Frequent.
C. In the Fender and the Birket ; near Parkgate.
F. Mostyn to Ffynnon Groew.
(E. Phellaudrium {Lam.). Fig. 267. Fine-leaved Water Dropwort.
Native. B. or P. VII-IX.
Ponds and ditches. Occasional.
L. Ponds and ditches about Garston and Hale (D.). Ponds
and ditches about Formby, Haskayne, Hightown, Lydiate,
Altcar, and Ince Blundell (r.b.).
'C. Bromborough (w.hh.). Woodhouses, Frodsham (j.f.r.).
Ponds between Elton Green and Thornton-le-Moors ; between
Ellesmere Port and Stanlow Point ; near Poole Hall ; about
Whitby and Sutton ; one mile N. E. of Backford ; quarter
mile W. of Mollington ; about Dawpool and Caldy (f.m.w. ;
R.B. ; Dr. G.).
/Ethusa (L.). Fool’s Parsley.
E. Cynapium (L.). Fig. 268. Fool’s Parsley. Native. A.
VII, VIII.
Cultivated ground. Common.
C. Bidston ; Parkgate ; Stoke ; Eastham ; Bromborough
Pool ; &c.
F. Holywell ; inland of Flint.
Silaus ( Besser .). Sulphurwort.
S. pratensis {Bess.). Fig. 269. Sulphurwort. Native. P. VII-IX.
Meadows and commons. Occasional in Cheshire.
C. Sutton (H.). Frodsham Marsh (j.f.r.). 1875, Manley;
Bromborough; Ledsham ; Willaston; Ness; Capenhurst ;
Mollington; Hooton ; West Kirby to Meols ; Storeton ; &c.
(F.M.W. ; R.B. ; Dr. G.).
Angelica {L.).
A. sylvestris {L.). Fig. 270. Angelica. Native. P. VII, VIII.
By ditches and shady, watery places. Common.
C. Raby Mere ; Dibbinsdale ; Prenton.
F. Holywell; Whitford ; inland of Flint; Queensferry.
66
Peucedanum (L.). Parsnep.
P. sativum ( Benth .). Fig. 271. Parsnep. Native. B. VII, VIII.
(Pastinaca sativa (. L .).)
Sandy ground near the sea. Frequent.
L. Crosby to Birkdale.
C. New Brighton to West Kirby.
Heracleum (L.). Cow-Parsnep.
H. Sphondylium ( L .). Fig. 272. Cow-Parsnep. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
In hedges, meadows, &c. Common.
Daucus (. L .). Carrot.
D. Carota ( L .). Fig. 273. Carrot. Native. B. VII-IX.
Dry pastures, &c. Common.
Caucalis (L.). (Torilis, Adans).
C. latifolia (L.) Fig. 274.
C. daucoides (L.). Fig. 275.
L. 1892, these two species are often found together as casuals
in old garden ground near Walton (j.a.w.).
C. arvensis ( Huds .). Fig. 278. Field Hedge-Parsley. Native.
A. VII, VIII.
( Torilis infesta ( Spreng .).)
Cultivated ground. Very rare.
C. Cornfield between Willaston and the Windmill ; in corn-
fields between Gayton and Backwood (r.b.).
C. Anthriscus (Huds.). Fig. 277. Upright Hedge-Parsley. Native.
A. VII, VIII.
Hedgebanks and borders of fields. Frequent.
C. Saughall Massie ; Willaston (Dr. g.).
F. Bagillt ; Mostyn ; Greenfield ; inland of Flint ; Queens-
ferry (r.b.).
C. nodosa (Scop.). Fig. 278. Knotted Hedge-Parsley. Native.
A. V-VII.
Dry banks. Occasional.
L. 1892, Fields near Orrell Village (j.a.w.).
C. Scattered in N.W. Wirral, about West Kirby, Thur-
staston, and Parkgate (r.b.). Between the old Tollbar, New
Ferry, and Bromborough Pool (j.w.b.). Burton ; Denhall ;
Willaston; Grange Hill; Meols (Dr. g.).
Fig. 270 ANGELICA SYLVESTRIS.
Fig. 272. HERACLEUM SPHONDYLIUM.
Fig 283. SAMBUCUS EBULUS.
67
ARALIACE^E.
Med era ( L .).
H. Helix (L.). Fig. 279. Ivy. Native. Shrub. X, XI.
In woods, hedges, and on old buildings and rocks. Very
common.
CORNACE^.
Cornus (L.). Cornel.
C. sanguinea (L.). Fig. 280. Dogwood or Cornel. Denizen. Shrub.
VII.
In woods and hedges. Rare, and always planted.
L. Woods at Little Crosby (D.).
C. Near Frodsham (j.f.r.). 1875, about Mollington in
several places (r.b.).
F. 1898, Wood at Blacon Point (Dr. g.).
Division III. — Corolliflorae.
CAPRIFOLIACE7E.
Adoxa (L.).
A. Moschatellina ( L .). Fig. 281. Tuberous Moschatel. Native.
P. IV, V.
In moist shady places. Frequent.
L. Speke ; Hunts Cross ; Dungeon.
C. Bidston ; Bebington ; Hooton ; Shotwick ; Raby Mere.
Sambucus (L.).
S. nigra ( L .). Fig. 282. Elder. Native. Tree. VI.
In woods and hedges. Common.
S. Ebulus (L.). Fig. 283. Danewort or Dwarf Elder. Denizen.
P. VIII.
Waste ground, near houses. Very rare.
C. Hedgebank W. of Saughall Massie (D.) ; there in 1901
(Dr. g.). The edge of a field bordering a garden by the road-
side, between Moreton and Hoylake, 1872 (f.m.w.), (?) extinct.
68
Viburnum (A.).
V. Opulus (L.). Fig. 28L Guelder Rose. Native. Shrub.
VI, VII.
Hedges and thickets. Occasional.
L. Rainhill.
C. Gillbrook; Oxton to Woodchurch; about Raby Mere, &c. ;
Willaston ; Dawpool.
F. Blacon Point (Dr. g.).
Lon ice ra ( L .).
L. Perklymenum (A.). Fig. 285. Woodbine or Honeysuckle.
Native. Shrub. VII, VIII.
In thickets, woods and hedges. Common.
Symphoricarpus racemosus. Fig. 286.
The Snowball Tree is sometimes met with as an escape from
cultivation.
RUBIACEAE.
Galium (A.). Bedstraw.
G. Cruciata (Scop,). Fig. 287- Cross wort Bedstraw. Native.
P. V-VII.
Hedgebanks, &c. Occasional.
L. Speke (MissR.). Between Speke and Hale (Missc. g.).
C. About Eastham, Hooton Hall, and Sutton (D.). Weaver
Valley (j.f.r.). Apparently absent from N. Wirral, though
frequent on the Chester side of Eastham, as about Hooton,
Ledsham, and Shotwick ; Bromborough ; Overpool ; Stoke ;
Mollington (r.b.: Dr. g.).
F. The Dee Cop ; Blacon Point ; Great Saughall (Dr. g.).
G. verum (A.). Fig. 288. Our Lady’s Bedstraw. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
The sandhills, very common. Inland in dry places, frequent.
G. saxatile (A.). Fig. 289. Heath Bedstraw. Native. P. VI, VII.
Dry heathy ground. Very common.
G. uliginosum (A.). Rough Marsh Bedstraw.
Should be looked for, as it was recorded many years ago.
G. palustre (A.). Fig. 290. Marsh Bedstraw. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
In ditches and wet places. Frequent.
b. elongation (Pr«/.).|
All three forms occur in the district.
c. Withevingii (Sm.).)
Fig. 285. LONICERA PERICLYMENUM.
K
Fig. 291. GALIUM APARINE.
6g
b. elongatum occurs in ditches about Formby, and Bidston
Marsh (f.m.w.).
c. Withevingii is equally common with the type form at Crosby,
Formby, Southport (D.).
G. Aparine (A.). Fig . 291. Goose-grass or Cleavers. Native. A.
VI-VIII.
In hedges and cultivated ground. Very common.
G. tricorne (With.). Fig. 282. Rough Corn Bedstraw. Casual.
A. VI-IX.
L. Railway sidings W. of new dock at Garston (r.b.).
Canal banks at Litherland.
C. As a ballast plant about Birkenhead Docks.
Asperula ( L .).
A. odorata (A.). Fig. 293. Sweet Woodruff. Native or Denizen.
P. V, VI.
In woods and shady places. Rare. Probably often escaped
from cultivation.
C. Shotwick ; Willaston ; Heswall ; Prenton ; King’s Lane,
Bebington (Dr. g.).
Sherardia (A.).
S. arvensis (A.). Fig 29$. Field Madder. Native. A. V-VIII.
Dry fields and waste ground. Common.
C. H. Bebington; Willaston; Burton; Caldy.
VALERIANEiE.
Valeriana (A.).
V. dioica ( A .). Fig. 295. Small Marsh Valerian. Native. P.
V, VI.
Boggy places. Occasional.
L. Sefton Meadows ; Meadows at Woolton ; Field near Hale-
bank Station (Miss c. g.). L. bank River Alt, near the mouth
(h.e.s.).
C. 1872, by the stream below Raby Mere ; 1893, Dibbinsdale
(MissW.). Langfields (Dr G.). About West Kirby (f.m.w.;
Miss c G.). Near River Weaver, near Cattenhall (j.f.r.). Peck
Mill, near Dunham-on-the-Hill (r.b.).
V. officinalis (A.). Fig. 296. Great Valerian. Native. P.
VI, VII.
In marshy meadows, and by the sides of ditches and ponds.
Frequent.
L. Hightown ; Kirkby ; Sefton.
C. Peck Mill, Dunham ; Bidston Ford ; Spital ; Dibbinsdale.
7o
Centranthus ( D . C.).
C. ruber (D. C.). Fig. 297. Red Spur Valerian. Denizen. P.
VI-IX.
C. Railway between Little Sutton and Ellesmere Port
(Miss w.).
Valerianella ( T our nr f. ) .
V. olitoria ( Mcench .). Fig. 298. Lamb’s Lettuce. Native.
A. V-VII.
Sandy ground near the sea. Common. Dry banks and the
borders of fields inland. Frequent.
L. Otterspool ; Dungeon.
C. Storeton ; Leasowe ; Heswall ; Willaston.
V. dentata (Poll.). Fig. 298. Narrow-fruited Lamb’s Lettuce.
Native. A. VI-VIII.
In cultivated fields. Occasional.
L. Hale.
C. Heswall ; Parkgate ; Leasowe ; Willaston.
DIPSACE^E.
Dipsacus (L.).
D. sylvestris (L.). Fig. 300. Teasel. Native. B. VII-IX.
Roadsides and hedgebanks. Occasional.
L. Banks of River Mersey, between Dingle Point and
Garston (D.). River banks at Ditton and Speke.
C. Hedgebanks about Bidston, Moreton, Upton, and Saug-
hall Massie (H.). Aston (j.f.r.). 1875, at intervals from
Neston, Burton Point, Shotwick, to Great Saughall ; 1876,
about Heswall, Dawpool, Thurstaston ; 1880, between Ince
and River Gowey, and extending to Thornton (r.b.). Newton-
cum-Larton*
F. Blacon Point (Dr. g.).
D. pilosus (L.) Fig. 301. Small Teasel. Casual. B. VIII.
Woods. Very rare. (?) introduced
C. 1851, Aston Wood (D.). 1867, confirmed (j.f.r.).
D. fullonum ( L .). The Fuller’s Teasel.
1897, was found as a casual on banks of River Mersey at Hale.
Scabiosa.
S. Succisa (L.). Fig. 302. Premorse Scabious. Native. P. VII-X.
Pastures and heathy ground. Frequent.
Fig. 304. EUPATORIUM CANNABI NU M.
Fig. 305. SOLI DAGO VIRGAUREA.
7i
S. arvcnsis (A.) Fig. 303. Field Scabious. Native. P. VII-IX.
Cultivated fields and railway banks. Occasional.
L. Crosby (H.). Fields N. of Childwall Church; Cornfields
near Aigburth, and also near Southport (D.). About Sea-
forth (h.s.f.). Field now included in Sefton Park (r.b.; j.h.l.).
C. Near Neston (D.). About Parkgate (f.m.w.). 1866,
Godscroft, near Frodsham (j.f.r.). 1876, Fields between
Thurstaston and Frankby ; 1877, around Willaston (r.b.).
Wallasey (Miss w.). Bidston ; Heswall ; Ness ; Denhall ; above
Burton Point (Dr. g.).
COMPOSITE.
Eupatorium (Tourntf.).
E. cannabinum (A.). Fig. 304. Hemp Agrimony. Native.
P. VIII, IX.
By the sides of streams and ditches. Frequent.
L. Dungeon.
C. Langfields, West Kirby ; Parkgate; Heswall; Shotwick;
Irby ; Landican ; Oxton ; Spital.
Solidago ( L .).
S. Virgaurea ( L .). Fig. 305. Goldenrod. Native. P, VII, IX.
Dry heathy places. Frequent.
C. Thurstaston ; Eastham ; Bidston ; Wallasey ; Barnston ;
Parkgate; Ness; Bromborough Pool.
Beilis (A.).
B. perennis (A.). Fig. 306. The Daisy. Native. P. III-X.
Nearly everywhere.
Aster.
A. Tripolium (L.). Fig. 307. Michaelmas Daisy. Native. P.
VIII, IX.
Muddy salt marshes. Common locally.
C. Bidston Marsh ; West Kirby ; Heswall ; Parkgate ;
Bromborough Pool ; Ellesmere Port.
Erigeron (A.).
E. acre (A.). Fig. 308. Blue Fleabane. Native. A. VII, VIII.
Dry banks. Rare. Sandhills. Frequent.
L. Formby sandhills.
C. Bidston Marsh ; Railway, Neston to Willaston (Dr. g.).
F. Railway near Great Saughall (Dr. g.).
72
Filago ( Tournef .)
F. germanica (L.). Fig. 3,>9. Cudweed. (?) Native. A. VII-IX.
In dry fields and gravelly places. Rare.
C. One plant on Parkgate side of Ness (LorddeT; f.m.w.).
1883, dry pasture between the N. side of Thurstaston Hill and
the Frankby road (r.b.).
F. minima (Frigs.). Fig. 310. Slender Cudweed. Native. A.
VI-IX.
Dry heathy ground. Rare. Sandhills. Occasional
L. Sandhills from Formby to Birkdale.
C. Waste ground near Claughton ; Heswall and Thurstaston
Hills. Golf Links at Hoylake (Dr. g.).
Antennaria (R. B.).
A. dioica ( R . Br.). Fig. 311. Mountain Everlasting. Colonist.
P. VI, VII.
L. 1881, Sandhills at Birkdale (Dr. g.).
Note. — Dr. J. W. Ellis suggests that the seeds of this plant have been
carried down the River Ribble from the hills where it is known to occur.
Our sandhills present a most abnormal situation in which to find this
species.
Gnaphalium (L.).
G. uligiaosum (. L .). Fig. 312. Marsh Cudweed. Native. A.
VII, VIII.
In wet places, especially where there has been stagnant water.
Common.
G. sylvaticum (L.). Fig. 313 Upright Cudweed. Native; P.
VII-IX.
On heathy ground. Occasional.
L. Southport ; about Simmonswood ; about the Stone Quarry
at Knowsley (D.). Ormskirk.
C. Hills about West Kirby; Bromborough (D.). Eastham
(h.s.f.). In the pleasure grounds at Bidston — (?) Vyner’s; and
by the edges of open plantations between Claughton and
Bidston (f.m.w.). Overton (j.f.r.). 1898, Storeton Quarry;
1899, Thurstaston (Dr. g ).
Inula (L.).
1. Helenium (L.). Fig. 314. Elecampane. Casual. P. VII, VIII.
C. 1896, several plants in a field below the road, half a mile
E. of Shotwick (Dr. g.).
Fig. 308. ERIGERON ACRE. Fig. 309. FILAGO GERMANICA. Fig. 310. FILAGO MINIMA.
I
Fig. 313 GNAPHALIUM SYLVATICUM. Fig. 314. INULA HELENIUM.
XANTHIUM SPINOSUM.
73
Pulicaria (Gant).
P. dysenterica ( Gaert .). Fig. 315. Fleabane. Native. P. VII-IX.
Sides of ditches and other wet places. Frequent.
L. Formby; mouth of River Alt ; Dungeon.
C. Parkgate to Heswall, and Leasowe to Meols.
Xanthium (L.).
X. spinosum (L.). Fig. 316. Casual.
L. 1891, has been found as a ballast plant near Bootle and
Litherland (j.a.w.).
B ideas ( L .).
B. cernua (L.). Fig. 317. Nodding Bur-marigold. Native. A.
VIII, IX.
Watery places. Occasional.
L. Haskayne ; Crosby.
C. Leasowe ; Storeton Road. Oxton ; Bromborough ; S.
of Hadlow Road Station ; near Overpool ; near Capenhurst
(Dr. G.).
b. radiata ( Sond .).
Is occasionally met with between Formby and Haskayne.
B. tripartita (L.). Fig. 318. Tripartite Bur-marigold. Native.
A. VIII, IX.
Margins of pools, &c. Frequent.
L. Dungeon; Crosby; Haskayne; Formby; Altcar ;
Lydiate.
C. Leasowe ; Meols ; Newton ; Oxton ; West Kirby ; Park-
gate; Mollington.
Galinsoga parviflora ( Cav .). Fig. 319.
L. 1892, was found as a casual at Crosby (j.m.).
This plant is a native of Peru, and is naturalised at Kew.
Achillea ( L .).
A. Millefolium (L.). Fig. 320. Milfoil or Yarrow. Native. P.
VII-IX.
Pastures, waysides, &c. Very common.
A. Ptarmica (L.). Fig. 321. Sneezewort. Native. P. VIII, IX.
In pastures and by roadsides, &c. C.ommon.
L. Between Formby and Haskayne; Dungeon.
C. N. end Birkenhead ; Oxton ; Meols ; Langfields ; Thur-
staston ; Willaston ; Mollington; Hooton Station; New
Ferry ; Barnston.
74
Ant hem is ( L .).
A. tinctoria (. L .). Fig. 322. Yellow Camomile. Alien. (?) B.
VII, VIII.
L. 1897, on road-cop of lane leading seawards from Formby
Station (Dr. g.).
A. Cotula (L.). Fig. 323. Stinking Mayweed. Native. A. VII-IX.
In cultivated ground and by waysides. Frequent.
C. Birkenhead road to Hoylake.
A. arvensis (L.). Corn Camomile. Casual. A. VII-IX.
By roadsides. Very rare.
C. Roadside between Thornton Hough and Parkgate (D.).
Note. — Occasionally appears as a ballast plant (r.b.).
A. nobilis (A.). Fig. 324. True Camomile. Native. P. VII-IX.
On commons. Very rare.
L. Parr Flat, by the side of a pathway leading to Sutton
Moss (D.), (?) extinct.
Chrysanthemum (. L .).
C. segetum (A.). Fig. 325. Corn Marigold. Native. A. VII-IX.
In cultivated fields, particularly of turnips and potatoes.
Occasional.
L. Crosby ; Kirkby.
C. Willaston ; Ness ; Heswall ; Meols ; Little Sutton.
C. Leucanthemum (L.). Fig. 326. Ox-Eye-Daisy or Marguerite.
Native. P. VI, VII.
In pastures and waste places. Very common.
C. Parthenium (. Pers .). Fig. 327. Feverfew. Denizen. P. VII-IX.
In waste places, generally near houses. Occasional. Always
an escape from cultivation.
L. In a large quarry at Roby it is very abundant.
C. Birkenhead; Wallasey; Caldy ; Burton (Dr. g.).
Matricaria (L.).
M. inodora (L.). Fig. 328. Scentless Mayweed. Native. A. or B.
VII, VIII.
Cultivated fields and waste places. Common.
b. salina (Bab.). Seaside Mayweed.
On rocks and among shingle by the sea. Local. Appears at
intervals along the coast and estuaries of the Dee and Mersey.
It is specially luxuriant about the rocks at Hilbre.
Fig. 321.
ACHILLEA PTARMICA.
Fig. 322.
ANTHEMIS TINCTORIA.
Fig. 323.
ANTHEMIS COTULA-
Fig. 324. ANTHEMIS NOBILIS.
Fig. 325. CHRYSANTHEMUM SEGETUM.
L
75
M. Chamomilla (L.). Fig. 329. Wild Camomile. Native. A.
VII-IX.
Cultivated and waste ground. Occasional.
C. Little Storeton ; Newton-cum-Larton ; West Kirby (Dr. g.).
M. discoidea (L.). Fig. 330.
1900, was found as a casual on waste ground at Birkenhead
(J.A.W.).
Tan ace turn (L.).
T. vulgare ( L .) Fig. 331. Tansy. Native. P. VII-IX.
In hedge banks and by roadsides, &c. Occasional.
L. Gill Moss, N. side of Croxteth Park (D.). About High-
town ; Formby; Sefton ; Maghull ; Garston (f.m.w. ; r.b.).
C. Clay banks of River Dee, Caldy to Parkgate ; Flaybrick
Hill (f.m.w.). By-path from Parkgate to Leighton ; Neston ;
Prenton (r.b.). Frodsham Marshes (j.f.r.). The Arno,
Oxton ; West Kirby; Heswall; Thornton Hough; Little
Sutton (Dr. G.).
Note. — Native in many localities in L. and C. Sometimes only a
colonist.
Artemisia (L.).
A. Absinthium (L.). Fig. 332. Wormwood. Native or Denizen
P. VIII, IX.
In waste places and by roadsides. Occasional. Often an
escape from cottage gardens.
C. Bromborough Pool (f.p.m.). Wallasey ; Meols ; Hoylake ;
West Kirby; Newton; Neston; Burton (Dr. g.).
A. vulgaris (L.). Fig. 833. Mugwort. Native. P. VIII, IX.
On hedge banks, roadsides, and waste places. Common.
A. maritima (L.). Fig. 335. Sea Wormwood. Native. P. VIII-X.
In salt marshes and ditches by the sea. Rare ; local.
C. By Bromborough Pool, below Sunlight Soap Works —
part of this ground is now (1900) built over (Dr. g.).
Tussilago ( L .).
T. Farfara (L.). Fig. 335. Coltsfoot. Native. P. III-V.
Clay banks, fields, and waste places. Very Common.
Petasites ( T ourntf. ) .
P. fragrans ( Presl .). Sweet Scented Coltsfoot, or Winter Helio-
trope. Denizen. P. XII-XIV.
Doubtless it was originally an outcast from gardens.
76
L. Near a lane leading from Druid’s Cross towards the
Woolton Road; by the roadside through Ince Blundell
Woods (r.b.).
C. In an old quarry W. of Caldy ; 1902, Roadside opposite
Frankby Church, and in adjoining field (Dr. g.).
P. vulgaris ( Desf .). Fig. 336. Butterbur. Native. P. IV.
In wet places. Rare.
L. Bank of River Mersey opposite Speke Hall ; Halebank
near the Station (MissC. g.). 1885, Plantation by roadside, one
mile W. of Ashton-in-Makerfield (r.b.).
C. About Frodsham; opposite Horns Mill, between Dun-
ham-on-the-Hill and Helsby (f.m.w. ; w.w.n.). 1899, Helsby
Railway Station, in waste ground (Field club).
P. albus. Casual.
F. Near Flint (r.b.).
Doronicum (L.).
D. Pardalianches (L.). Fig. 337. Great Leopard’s Bane. Deni-
zen. P. V-VII.
In woods, &c. Rare.
L. In Moor Hall Park and near the Lodge, about one mile
E. of Town Green Railway Station.
Senecio ( L .). Ragwort.
S. vulgaris (L.). Groundsel. Native. A. I-XII.
In cultivated and waste grounds, &c. Very common.
b. radiatus (Koch).
Wallasey sandhills.
S. sylvaticus (L.). Fig. 338. Mountain Groundsel. Native. A.
VII-IX.
Dry hedge banks, walls, heaths, &c. Common.
S. viscosus (L.). Fig. 339. Stinking or Viscid Groundsel. Casual.
A. VII-IX.
Waste sandy ground. Very rare.
C. 1890, by the Birkenhead Docks (r.b.). 1898, Banks of
the Ship Canal, opposite Hooton Park (Dr. g.).
S. erucifolius (L.). Fig. 340. Hoary Ragwort. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Roadsides, and about the borders of fields and woods. Fre-
quent.
C. Woodchurch ; Saughall Massie ; Moreton to Hoylake ;
Blacon
Fig. 338. SENECIO SYLVATICUS.
Fig. 339. SENECJO VISCOSUS.
Fig. 342. SENECIO AQUATICUS.
Fig. 343. CARLINA VULGARIS.
Fig
348. CNICUS LANCEOLATUS.
Fig. 349. CNICUS PALUSTRIS.
77
s.
s.
Jacobaea (L.). Fig. 341. Common Ragwort. Native. P.
VII-IX.
In pastures, waste ground, and on the sandhills. Very
common.
aquaticus (£,.). Fig. 342. Marsh Ragwort. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
In marshy places. Common.
Carlina (L.).
C. vulgaris (L.). Fig. 348. Carline Thistle. Native. B. VII-IX.
The sandhills on both sides of the Mersey. Frequent in L.
Rare in C.
Arctium.
A. minus ( Schk .). Fig. 344. Lesser Burdock. Native. B.
VII-IX.
Woods, hedge banks, waste places, &c. Frequent.
C. Wallasey; Prenton ; Newton; Caldy, and Dee side
generally ; Overpool ; Stoke.
Note. — Further research will probably shew the presence of A. inter-
medium (Lange) in C.
Card u us (L.).
C. pycnocephalus (Jacq.). Fig. 345. Slender-flowered Thistle.
Native. A. or B. VII, VIII.
(C. tenuiflorus).
In sandy ground near the sea. Frequent.
C. Dee side from West Kirby to Burton ; Shotwick (Dr g.).
C. nutans ( L .). Fig. 346. Musk Thistle. Colonist. A. or B.
VI-VIII.
Dry fields and banks. Rare.
C. 1873, in a gravel pit half a mile W. of Denhall (Lord deT. ;
f.m.w.). 1874 to 1895, m a field half a mile N. of Willaston
Windmill (r.b. ; Dr. g.).
C. crispus (L.). Welted Thistle. Native. B. VII-IX.
Rare off limestone, and consequently rare in our district.
c. acanthoides ( L .). Fig. 347.
C. Fifty yards E. of Moston Bridge by a trench which runs
parallel to the canal at Mollington (Lord deT.). 1857, by River
Weaver (Rev. h.). Burton (a.k.b.). By S. U. Canal at Back-
ford; Burton Point (Dr. G.).
78
Cnicus ( Hoffm .).
C. lanceolatus (Hoffm.). Fig. 358. Spear Thistle. Native. B.
VII, VIII.
In poor ground in many places. Very common.
C. palustris (Hoffm.). Fig. 359. Marsh Plume Thistle. Native.
A. or B. VII-IX.
In moist meadows and by the sides of ditches. Very common.
|C. acauiis (L.). Dwarf Thistle. Colonist. P. VII, VIII. \
In pastures. Very rare.
C. In a field on Overton Hills near Frodsham (j.f.r.).
V This needs confirmation. j
C. arvensis (Hoffm.). Fig. 350. Creeping Plume Thistle. Native.
P. VII-IX.
In fields and by roadsides. Very common.
b. mitis (Koch), and d. setosus (Bess.).
1901, about the Canal banks at Aintree (j.a.w.).
Onopordon (L.).
0. Acanthium (L.). Fig. 351. Scotch Thistle. Casual. B. VIII.
Dry banks and fields. Rare.
C. West Kirby (H.). About Saughall Massie (D.). 1883,
Sparingly scattered about Meols and Hoylake (r.b.) ; con-
firmed, 1901 (Dr. G.).
S sly bum (Gaert.).
S. Marianum (Gaert.). Fig. 352. Milk Thistle. Casual. B.
VI, VII.
Waste ground and rubbish heaps. Very rare.
L. Near Southport.
C. Near Birkenhead.
Serratula (L.).
S. tinctoria (L.). Fig. 353. Sawwort. Native. P. VII-IX.
In woody and bushy places. Rare.
L. In moist wooded parts of Otterspool, near the water (H.),
(?) extinct. 1890, the Dingle (r.b.).
C. Hedge bank by footpath from near Storeton Quarry
towards Higher Tranmere, 1875-6 (r.b.). Repeated search
has failed to find it, 1898 (Dr. g.).
Centaurea (L.). Knapweed.
C. nigra (L.). Fig. 355. Black Knapweed. Native. P. VII-IX.
Pastures, banks and roadsides. Very common.
Fig. 350. CNICUS ARVENSIS. Fig. 351. ONOPORDON ACANTHIUM.
Fig. 354. CENTAUREA NIGRA.
Fig. 355.
CENTAUREA SCABIOSA.
79
C. Scabiosa ( L .). Fig. 355. Greater Knapweed. Native. P.
VII-IX.
Borders of fields, &c., on dry soil. Rare.
L. Roadside, one mile N.E. of Ormskirk by railway to Rain-
ford (r.b.).
C. Wallasey: on Hose side (Missw.); Railway bank, S. of
the Railway Station (a.k.b.) ; Field near the Church (D.).
S. slope of Bidston Hill (Dr. g.). One root on hedge bank
between Raby and Upland House, towards Neston ; 1880,
Railway bank between Ellesmere Port and River Gowey (r.b.).
C. Cyanus (L.). Fig. 356. Corn Bluebottle. Casual. A. VI, VII.
Sandy fields. Rare.
L. Cornfield half-mile N. of Kirkby Railway Station (Missw.).
Field W. of Maghull Church ; Field E. of Sefton Railway
Station (r.b.). Waste ground by the W. dock at Garston
(r.d.b.).
C. Meols ; Irby Hill (Dr. g.).
C. Calcitrapa (A.). Fig. 357. Star Thistle or Caltrops. Casual.
A. VII, VIII.
Ballast heaps near Birkenhead Docks (r.b.).
C. solstitialis (A.). Fig. 358. Yellow Star Thistle. Casual. A.
VII-IX.
L. 1892, near Seven Pits, and Black Bull Lane, Walton
(J.A.W.).
C. Ballast heaps near Birkenhead Docks (r.b.).
C. melitensis (L.).
C. 1890, Grange, West Kirby (r.b.). 1892, as a casual at
Birkenhead (j.a.w.).
Cichorium (A.).
C. Intybus (A.). Fig. 359. Chicory or Succory. Denizen. P.
VII, VIII.
By roadsides, in fields and waste places, &c. Rare, and not
permanent.
L. In a field near the sandhills at Crosby ; Southport ; in a
field near the railway at Roby ; between Aintree and Mag-
hull (D.). Between Hightown and Formby ; Garston, on a
slope to the sea shore (t.g.).
C. Little Sutton (H.). 1884, Cornfield below the Windmill
at Wallasey (r.b.). 1890, where the path from Wallasey to
Bidston crosses the Hoylake railway. 1900, Field on E. slope
of Storeton Hill (Dr. g.).
Note. — Chicory Farm, on the Scarisbrick Road, Southport, is respon-
sible for the plants found in that district.
8o
Lapsana (. L .).
L. communis (L.). Fig. 360. Nipplewort. Native. A. VII, VIII.
By roadsides in waste places and cultivated land. Common.
Picris (L.). ( Helminthia (/mss.).)
P. echioides (A.). Fig. 361. Bristly Ox-tongue. Native. A. or B.
VII, VIII.
By roadsides and in waste places, generally on clay. Occa-
sional.
L. At Aigburth on the shore, extending to Speke ; Walton
(D.).
C. Edge of Bromborough Pool (H.). Roadsides about
Bidston, Upton, Saughall Massie, Hoylake, and West Kirby,
all down the Birkenhead road (D.). Dawpool (Dr. G-).
F. Blacon (Dr. g.).
C rep is (L.).
C. setosa (. Hall,fil .). Casual. A. VII, VIII.
L. 1859, among a seed-sown crop in a field at Netherton
(h.s.f.).
C. virens ( L .). Fig. 362. Smooth Hawksbeard. Native. A. or B.
VI-IX.
In both waste and cultivated ground. Common.
Note. — This species assumes a great variety of forms.
C. paludosa ( Moench ). Fig. 363. Marsh Hawksbeard. Native.
P. VII-IX.
In damp places. Very rare.
L. Bathwood ; Ormskirk (t.w.) ; requires recent confirma-
tion.
C. Near Parkgate (D.) ; requires recent confirmation.
F. 1894, Nant-y-Flint (r.b.).
Hieracium (L.).
H. pilosella (L ). Fig. 365. Mouse-ear Hawkweed. Native. P.
V-VIII.
Dry banks and pastures. Very common.
H. vulgatum (Fries.). Fig. 365. Wood Hawkweed. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Bushy places, hedge banks, &c. Locally common.
C. Oxton ; Willaston ; Little Neston (Dr. g.).
Fig. 362. CREPIS VIRENS.
Fig. 363. CREPIS PALUDOSA.
Fig. 364. H I ERACI U M PILOSELLA. Fig. 365. HIERACIUM VULGATUM
8i
H. umbellatum (L.). Fig. 366. Narrow-leaved Hawkweed. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
On the sandhills. Common. Inland. Occasional.
C. Between Willaston and Ness (Dr. g.).
H. boreale (Fries.). Fig. 367. Broad-leaved Hawkweed. Native.
P. VIII-IX.
Hedge banks, heaths, and on the sandhills. Frequent.
C. Bidston ; Barnston ; Bromborough ; Willaston; Stoke.
Authority for Hieracium, F. J. Hanbury.
Hypochwris (L.).
H. glabra (L.). Fig. 368. Smooth Cat’s-ear. Native. A. VI-VIII.
Sandhills. Rare.
L. 1869, sandy ground, Freshfield (g.g.h.). 1866, sandhills
half a mile N. of Crosby (LorddeT.). 1880, Birkdale sandhills
(Dr. G.).
Note. — This should be sought for in Wirral. It was seen by Profs.
Graham and C. C. Babington on the Wirral coast in 1837.
H. radicata (L.). Fig. 369. Long-rooted Cat’s-ear. Native. B.
or P. VII.
Fields, waysides, &c. Common.
Leontodon (L.). (Apargia).
L. hirtus (L.). Fig. 370. Hairy Hawkbit. Native. P. VII-IX.
( Thrincia hirta).
On the sandhills. Common. Inland. Occasional.
L. hispidus (L.). Fig. 371. Rough Hawkbit. Native. P. VIII.
Waysides, & c. Rare.
C. Backford ; Stoke (Dr. gj.
F. Dee Cop near the Higher Ferry (Dr. g.).
L. autumnalis (L.). Fig. 372. Autumn Hawkbit. Native. P. VIII.
Pastures, waysides, &c. Common.
Note. — This species varies greatly in form.
Taraxacum ( Juss .).
T. officinale (Web.). Fig. 373. Dandelion. Native. P. III-X.
a. Dens-leonis (Dest.).
Meadows, waysides, &c. Very common.
b. erythrospermum (Andvz.).
In sandy places.
82
L. 1891, Birkdale (j.a.w.).
C. Wallasey sandhills (f.m.w.). Overton (j.f.r.).
Note. — This variety is a smaller plant than the normal form, and with
the leaves much more deeply divided. The inner phyllaries are usually
thickened, and have a short lobe near the apex, so as to have a double end.
The fruit is of a bright brick red.
c. palustve ( D . C.).
In damp meadows, &c. Rare.
C. Damp fields about Claughton Village.
Lactuca ( L .).
L. virosa (L.). Fig. 374. Strong Scented Lettuce. Casual.
B. VII, VIII.
L. 1883, in Penny Lane, between Greenbank and Elm Hall,
Wavertree (e.d.).
C. 1894, Rubbish heaps at Bromborough Pool (Dr. g.).
L. muralis (Frcsen.). Fig . 375. Ivy-leaved Lettuce. Native.
A. VII, VIII.
Walls, hedge banks and woods. Occasional.
L. Woods at Ince ; Wood between Billinge and Windley ;
Sefton (D.). About Lathom Hall (t.w.). Speke (Miss r.).
Quarry between Orrell and Billinge (f.m.w.). 1881, Wall by
Roby Hall (r.b.).
C. Near Dean Wood and Badger’s Rake (Rev. g.; r.b.) . Rock-
savage Woods (j.f.r.). Near Dunham on the Hill (f.m.w.).
Near Pensby ; Goldworth Lane, near Backford Heath; 1883,
about Backford ; 1884, Rocks and walls in Burton (r.b.).
About Hooton ; Bromborough ; Ledsham to Willaston ; Shot-
wick (Dr. G.).
Sonchus ( L .).
S. oleraceus (L.). Fig. 376. Smooth Sowthistle. Native. A.
VI-VIII.
In both cultivated and waste ground. Common.
S. asper (. Hoffm .). Fig. 377. Rough Sowthistle. Native. A.
VI-VIII.
In both cultivated and waste ground. Common.
C. Stoke ; Childer Thornton ; &c.
S. arvensis ( L .). Fig. 378. Corn Sowthistle. Native. P. VII-IX.
In cultivated fields. Common. Seashores. Occasional.
C. Wallasey; West Kirby; Bromborough Pool.
83
Tragopogon (L.).
T. pratense (L.). Fig. 379. Yellow Goatsbeard. Native. B.
VI-VIII.
In pastures, &c. Occasional.
C. Bidston (Dr. g.).
b. minus (Mill.).
On the sandhills on both sides of the Mersey; roadsides, &c.,
inland. Frequent.
C. Meols; Denhall ; near Shotwick (Dr. g.).
T. porrifolium (L.). Fig. 380. Purple Goatsbeard. Casual. P.
VII, VIII.
Waste ground about railways. Very rare.
L. Railway banks close to Preston Road Station (h.s.f.),
and now scattered over the adjoining fields (w.h. in 1866).
1901, abundant in the same station, but new railway extensions
now threaten its existence (j.a.w.).
C. Waste ground just N. of Chester Railway Station, by the
line going into Wales (f.m.w.). There in 1894 (Dr-G.).
Cotula (L.).
C. Coronopifolia (L.). Fig. 381. Yellow Button. Colonist. P.
VII, VIII.
C. 1886, Marshes just S. of Leasowe Castle (MissWaii; r.h.d.).
It has spread over this neighbourhood, and continues down to
1901 (Dr. G.).
Note. — It is a native of N. Europe. It is supposed to have been intro-
duced by the late Lady Cust, who planted it in the Castle gardens.
CAMPANULACE/B.
Jasione (L.).
J. montana (L.). Fig. 382. Sheepsbit Scabious. Native. B.
VII, VIII.
On the sandhills, by roadsides, and on heathy ground. Locally
common.
C. Bidston Hill ; Irby Hill ; Burton ; &c.
Wahlenbergia ( Schvad .).
W. hederacea ( Reichb .). Fig. 383. Ivy-leaved Bell Flower. Native.
B. VII, VIII.
( Campanula hederacea (L.).)
In damp places. Rare,
84
L. 1850, Upholland ; Lathom Park; Narrow Moss, near
Ormskirk ; Hedge bank, half a mile from Crmskirk towards
Halsall (D.).
C. Rivulet in Snidley, near Frodsham (j.f.r.).
Campanula (L.). Bell Flower.
C. TracheJiuni ( L .). Fig. 385. Nettle-leaved Bell Flower. Casual.
P. VII-IX.
C. Recorded in D. from Aston Wood. Not seen since.
F. 1896, Bank by Gt. Saughall Railway Station (Dr. g.).
C. latsfolia (A.). Fig. 385. Giant Bell Flower. Canterbury Bell.
Native or Denizen. P. VII-IX.
Woods and shady places. Rare.
L. Wood near Roby Hall; Wood near Deysbrook (D.).
Thicket by Burscough Mill Dam ; Lane leading to the low
meadows from Lathom (t.w.). 1864, two places in Ince
Blundell Woods (h.e.s.).
C. Rocksavage Woods (j.f.r.). Wood between the church
at Childer Thornton and Hooton Hall (Mrs. j. d.). Probably
planted here.
C. rapunculoides (L.). Fig. 386. Creeping Bell Flower. Colonist.
P. VII, VIII.
Woods, hedge banks, &c. Rare.
L. 1885, Hedge bank nearly opposite the Hill House near
Altcar (r.b.).
C. 1877, old wall at Burton; 1876, Hedge bank in lane
leading from Ness towards the Chester Road (r.b.). 1891,
near Wallasey (Dr. G-).
Note.— Appears naturalised at Altcar, and also near Ness, but has gone
from Burton.
C. rotundifolia (L.). Fig. 387. Hairbell. Native. P. VII, VIII.
Dry heaths, banks, pastures, and the sandhills. Common.
Specularia (Heist.).
S. hybrida ( D . C.). Fig. 388. Venus’ Looking Glass. Casual.
A. VII-IX.
Among sown crops. Very rare.
C. 1867, Field of corn between Hoylake and West Kirby
(h.e.s.).
Fig. 388. SPECULARIA HYBRIDA.
Fig. 389.
VACCINIUM OXYCOCCOS.
85
VACCINIACE/E.
Vaccinium (L.).
V. Oxycoccos (. L .). Fig. 389. Cranberry. Native. Shrub.
VI, VII.
Wet Bogs. Very rare.
L. N. side of Simmonswood Moss; Sutton Moss (D.).
V. Vitisddaea (L.). Fig. 390. Red Whortleberry. Cow Berry.
Native. Shrub. VI, VII.
Heaths. Very rare.
C. Heath near Frodsham (j.f.r.). Bidston Hill below the
lighthouse (j. MacD.). 1896, N.E. slope of Bidston Hill (Dr. g.).
V. Myrtillus (L.). Fig. 391. Bilberry. Whortleberry. Blaeberry.
Native. Shrub. V, VI.
On heaths and in woods. Locally frequent.
C. Bidston Hill; Storeton Hill; Crosshill, Barnston ; Thur-
staston Hills; Eastham Woods (Dr. g.). Frodsham; Helsby ;
West Kirby (r.b.).
ERICACEAE.
Andromeda (L.).
A. Polifolia (L.). Fig. 392. Wild Rosemary. Native. Shrub.
V-IX.
Peat bogs. Rare.
L. Simmonswood Moss; Bickerstaffe Moss (D.). Rainford
Moss (h.s.f.).
Calluna ( Salisb .). Heather.
C. Erica ( D . C.). Fig. 393. Ling. The Heather. Native. Shrub.
VI-VII1.
On heaths. Locally abundant.
Note. — Our plant is nearly all var. glabrata , Leem. ; but occasionally
var. incana , auct., is found, as at Bidston and Thurstaston in C.
Erica (L.). Heath.
E. Tetralix ( L ). Fig. 394. Cross-leaved Heath. Native. Shrub.
VII, VIII.
Moist heaths. Locally common.
E. cinerea (L.). Fig. 395. Fine-leaved Heath. Native. Shrub.
VII, VIII.
On heaths. Locally very common.
86
Pyrola {. L .). Winter-green.
Pyrola rotundifolia (L.). Fig. 396. Broad-leaved Winter-green.
Native. P. VII-IX.
Wet hollows between the sandhills in L.
b. maritima {Kenyon).
Rare, but locally abundant.
L. The sandhills between Crosby and Southport — in some
places the ground is made white with their exquisite blooms.
The creeping root often sends up three or four flowering stems.
This plant may be grown in pots or in the garden, and then
will soon lose the slight differences (the bracts on the stem)
by which it is separated from the ordinary woodland form.
Ic has not been found upon the Cheshire sandhills.
MONOTROPEiE.
Hypopithys (L.).
H. multiflora (Scop.). Fig. 397. Yellow Birds Nest. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
( Monotropa hypopithys (L.).)
L. Near the Landmark, at Formby (h.e.s.). Large valley in
the sandhills at Birkdale (c.h.b.). Sandhill hollow, about
50 yards W. of Hightown Railway Station (j.h.l.).
Note. — This plant was supposed to be parasitic until Mr. Wilson and
Mr. Rylands, of Warrington, proved that it was not. — (See Phytologist,
vol. 1, 1843, pp. 43-341. The byssoid substance investing the root,
previously mistaken for suckers, is shewn by Mr. Rylands to be a fungus.
PLUMBAGINEiE.
Statice (L.). Sea Lavender.
S. Limonium (L.). Fig. 398. Great Sea Lavender. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Muddy inlets and shores of the Mersey. Rare.
L. Formerly at Garston (H.).
C. Bromborough (H.). Shore opposite the Powder Maga-
zines down to 1901.
S. rariflora (Drej.). Fig. 399. Remote Flowered Sea Lavender
Native. P. VII, VIII.
Muddy shore of the Mersey. Very rare.
{S. bahusiensis {Fries.).)
C. 1875, Shore of R. Mersey, between Bromborough Pool
and Eastham Ferry (r.b.) ; there in 1901.
Fig. 397 HYPOPITHYS MULTI FLORA.
Fig. 398. STATICE LIMONIUM.
Fig. 400. STATICE AURICUL/EFOLIA.
c. DODARTII.
87
S. auriculaefolia ( Vahl. ). Lesser Sea Lavender. Native. P.
VIII, IX.
[S. binervosa [ G . E. Snt.).)
Rocks above the sea shore. Very rare.
c. Dodartii ( Gir .). Fig. 400.
Great Hilbre, S.W. slope. Noted before 1870, and has con-
tinued down to the present time, 1901.
Armeria ( Willd .). Thrift.
A. maritima [Willd.). Fig. 401. Thrift. Sea Pink. Native.
P. IV-IX.
Salt marshes, &c. Frequent.
Abundantly about the muddy inlets and shores of the Mersey
and Dee.
PRIMULACEAE.
Hottonla [. L .). Water Violet.
H. palustris (L.). Fig. 402. Water Violet. Native. P. V-VII.
Ponds and ditches. Occasional.
L. Frequent in ditches about Crosby and Sefton ; Ince to
Formby; Netherton to Southport (W. ; h.s.f. ; r.b.).
C. In several ponds about Bromborough (FI.) ; and Spital
(Dr. g.). Marshes between Frodsham and Flelsby (LorddeT.;
j.f.r.). Ince (j.f.r.). Near Wervin; near Plemstall (r.b.).
Wimbolds TrafFord (Missw.).
Primula (L.). Primrose.
P. vulgaris ( Huds .). Fig. 403. Primrose. Native. P. III-VI.
Woods, hedge banks, railway banks, &c. Locally common,
but eradicated from a large portion of our district.
b. acaulis ( Jacq .). | J30th these varieties, with intermediate forms,
c. caulesctns [Bab.). J are occasionally met with, as follows
L. Currant-tree Wood, Hale (Missc. g.). Old Hut Lane, near
Hale (r.b.). Fields at Penketh (j.f.r.). Speke (j.h.l.).
C. Hedge bank near Saughall Massie towards Greasby (r.b. ;
H.S.F.).
Note. — It is frequently seen in cottage gardens between Speke and Hale,
and in all cases of enquiry is said to have been got from the woods.
P. veris (L.). Fig. 404. Cowslip. Native. P. IV-VI.
Meadows, hedge banks, &c. Occasional in L. Locally abund-
ant in some parts of C. Common in F.
C. Wallasey to Meols ; Shotwick ; Backford ; Bidston ;
Raby; Railway banks Spital to Mollington.
N
88
Lysimachia (L.). Loosestrife.
L. vulgaris (L.). Fig. 405. Yellow Loosestrife. Native. P.
VIII, IX.
Wet places. Occasional.
L. Crosby (W.). Sefton ; Formby; Southport; Woods near
Stopgate, Croxteth ; Hale ; Knowsley ; Ponds near Child-
wall Church (D.). Dungeon ; inland of Hightown Railway
Station; between Lydiate and River Alt (r.b.).
C. Used to grow at Bebington (D.) — but gone long ago.
Frodsham Marsh (j.f.r.).
L. Nummularia (L.). Fig. 406. Creeping Jenny. Moneywort.
Native. P. VI, VII.
Damp places. Rare.
L. Roadside from Knowsley towards Simmonswood Moss
(D.). Field path at Knotty Ash (c.t.c.).
C. Frodsham (j.f.r.). W. side of S. U. Canal near Stoke
(r.b.) ; and also on same bank between Backford and Molling-
ton Viaduct (MissW.). Field near the Weaver Canal (k.d.).
L. nemorum (L.). Fig. 407. Yellow or Wood Pimpernel. Native.
P. VI-IX.
Woods and shady places. Frequent.
C. Dibbinsdale.
F. Behind Bagillt.
Glaux (L.). Sea Milkwort.
G. maritima (L.). Fig. 408. Sea Milkwort. Black Saltwort.
Native. P. VI, VII.
Salt marshes. Frequent.
C. Marshy places behind Leasowe Embankment ; from Den-
hall to Burton Point; Bromborough Pool (Dr. g.).
F. At intervals from Queensferry to Ffynnon Groew ; E.
cop of River Dee from Chester to Queensferry (r.b.).
Anagallis (L.). Pimpernel.
A. arvensis ( L .). Fig. 409. Scarlet Pimpernel. The Poor Man’s
Weatherglass. Native. A. VI-VIII.
Cultivated fields, waysides, &c. Common.
A. coerulea ( Schreb .). Blue Pimpernel. Casual. A. VI-VIII.
Cultivated ground, and on rubbish by the canal and docks.
Rare.
Fig. 411. CENTUNCULUS MINIMUS.
8g
L. Banks of canal below the racecourse at Aintree ; Lither-
land ; Garston Docks (r.b.).
C. Birkenhead Docks (r.b.); 1892, by Meols Railway Station
(Dr. G.).
Note.— Seldom met with or occurring twice in the same exact locality.
A. teaella (L.). Fig. % 10. Bog Pimpernel. Native. P. VIII, VIII.
Boggy and sandy ground. Occasionally inland. Frequent
near the coast.
L. Wet hollows among the sandhills from Crosby to Birkdale.
C. Wallasey sandhills (MissW.). Leasowe, inland of embank-
ment ; West Kirby ; Thurstaston (Dr. g.).
Centunculus ( L .).
C. minimus ( L .). Fig. 411. Bastard Pimpernel. Native. A.
VI-VIII.
Damp places among the sandhills. Very rare.
L. Near Formby; close to Ainsdale Station (D.). South
shore at Southport (r.b.).
C. Along Greasby Brook, on E. border of Thurstaston Com-
mon (f.m.w. ; H.S.F.).
Samolus (L.).
S. Valerandi (L.). Fig. 412. Brookweed. Native. P. VII-IX.
Damp places, especially near the coast. Locally frequent.
C. About Leasowe and Meols. Shotwick.
OLEACEiE.
Fraxinus (L.).
F. excelsior (L.). Fig. 413. The Ash. Native. Tree. IV, V.
Woods and hedges. Common. Generally planted.
Ligustrum (L.).
L. vulgare ( L .). Fig. 414. Privet. Native or Denizen. Shrub.
VI, VII.
In hedges and plantations. Frequent, generally planted.
C. Saughall Massie ; Thingwall ; Raby Mere; Mollington;
Gt. Saughall to Blacon Point.
APOCYNACEiE.
Vinca (L.).
V. major (L.). Fig. 415. Greater Periwinkle. Denizen. Shrub.
IV-VI.
Hedge banks and roadsides. Rare.
go
C. Roadside between Eastham to within one mile of Childer
Thornton (Miss a.). Near Frodsham (t.g.). Roadside, quarter
mile N. of Moreton ; 1902, corner of roadside from Carr
Houses towards Saughall Massie (Dr. g.).
V. minor (L.). Fig. 516. Lesser Periwinkle. Denizen. Shrub.
V-VII.
Hedgebanks and in thickets. Rare.
L. In the woods at Hale (W.). Wood near the shore at
Speke Hall (D.). Ormskirk, with variegated leaves (t.w.). In
a deep dingle at Appleton (j.f.r.).
C. 1893, Roadside, half a mile from Whitby towards Stoke
(Dr. G.).
GENTIANE.ffi.
Blackstonia ( Huds .).
B. perfoliata (Huds.). Fig. 517. Perfoliate Yellowwort. Yellow
Centaury. Native. B. VII, VIII.
(Chlora ptvfoliata (L.).)
Clayfields and banks, and on the sandhills. Frequent.
C. Wallasey Marsh to Moreton ; Prenton ; New Ferry ;
Railway at Thurstaston ; Hooton ; Mollington ; Shotwick ;
Stoke (Dr. G.).
F. Near Queensferry (r.h.d.). Blacon Point (Dr. g.).
Erythrsea (Renealm.).
E. Centaurium (Pers.). Fig. 518. Centaury. Native. A. or B.
VII, VIII.
Dry pastures, and on the sandhills. Common.
Note. — A very variable plant with us, in shape of leaf approaching E.
latifolia and E. littoralis.
b. capitata (Koch.).
L. 1892, Hightown (j.a.w.).
E. latifolia (Sin.). Broad-leaved Centaury. Native. A. or B.
VII, VIII.
Damp places among L. sandhills. Very rare. Is probably
now extinct in England.
L. It has been found about Seaforth Common; Formby;
Ainsdale and Birkdale (h.s.f. ; f.m.w.). A short distance W.
of Freshfield Railway Station (r.b.), in 1871-2. It has not
been recorded since that date, although careful search has been
made by many botanists. The specimens in the London
Natural History Museum all came from neighbourhood of
Formby, and the curators told me that it had not been met
with for many years (Dr. g.).
Fig. 418.
ERYTHR/EA CENTAURIUM.
Fig. 423.
GENTIANA CAMPESTRIS.
9*
E. littoralis (Fries.). Fig. 419. Narrow-leaved Centaury. Native.
A. or B. VII, VIII.
Damp places among the sandhills. Frequent on L. side;
rare in C.
C. Wallasey sandhills (Dr. g.).
Note. — Very variable in habit, the extremes being a large bushy plant
one foot high, a single stem single flowered of an inch or less to four inches
in height, and a squat tufted plant from one to two inches high.
E. pulchella (Fries.). Fig. 420. Slender Centaury. Native. A.
or B. VII, VIII.
Waste ground and the borders of cultivated ground near the
sea. Rare.
L. Formby and Southport (D.). 1873, Rifle Range at Altcar
(f.m.w. ; R.B.).
C. Sandhills at Hoylake and New Brighton (D.). Helsby
(j.f.r.). Where the lane from Newton Heath divides, just
before reaching Beacon Hill, near West Kirby (f.m.w. ; w.w.n.).
1891, Leasowe (Dr. g.).
Gentiana (L.).
G. Pneumonanthe (L.). Fig. 421. Marsh Gentian, or Calathian
Violet. Native. P. VII-IX.
On boggy heaths. Rare and local.
L. Runcorn Heath (e.d.).
C. Marshy places on Oxton and Thurstaston Heaths.
G. Amarella (L.). Fig. 422. Autumnal Gentian. Native. A.
VIII, IX.
In pastures and sandy ground near the sea. Rare.
L. 1880, Hollow among the sandhills between Hightown
Railway Station and the mouth of the River Alt (r.b.).
C. Near Hadlow Road.
G. campestris (A.). Fig. 423. Field Gentian. Native. A.
VIII, IX.
In grassy spots near the sea. Occasional.
L. 1880, Hollow among the sandhills between Hightown
Railway Station and the mouth of the River Alt (r.b.).
River bank, Speke.
C. 1875, Hollows among the sandhills between Gayton
Cottage and Heswall Point (r.b.). 1901, short turf near
Leasowe lighthouse (Dr. g.).
Menyanthes (L.).
M. trifoliata ( L .). Fig. 424. Buckbean or Bogbean. Native. P.
V-VII.
Boggy places. Occasional.
92
C. 1888, Ponds about Capenhurst, Ledsham, Badger’s
Rake, and towards Willaston ; Damp ground at the head of
Raby Mere (r.b.). In the Birket ; Leasowe to Meols ; near
West Kirby ; Mollington ; above E. slope of Dibbinsdale
(Dr. G.).
BORAGINEAS.
Cynoglossum ( L .).
C. officinale ( L .). Fig. 425. Hound’s Tongue. Native. B. or P.
V-VII.
Sandhills. Frequent.
L. Hall Road to Birkdale.
C. Sandhills, New Brighton to Hoylake ; Shotwick, towards
the marshes ; Ness ; Stoke.
b. subglabvum (Syme.).
L. Southport, 1892 (j.a.w.).
Asperugo (L.).
A. procumbens (L.). Fig. 426. Madwort. Casual. A. VI, VII.
L. 1893, Aintree (j.a.w.).
C. 1892, Rubbish heaps at Meols (Missw.).
Symphytum (L.).
S. officinale (A.). Fig. 427. Comfrey. Native. P. V-VII.
Damp places. Occasional.
L. Near Crosby (H.). Southport (D.). 1886, near the old
quarry at Melling (r.h.d.).
C. Near Wallasey Church (H.). About Ellesmere Port ;
Little Stanney ; Thornton le Moors ; Picton ; Wimbolds Traf-
ford; and River Gowey (f.m.w; r.b.; &c.). About Meols to
Caldy; Thornton Hough; Willaston (Dr. g.).
F Blacon Point (Dr. g.).
b. patens ( Sibth .).
Damp places. Rare.
L. 1871, Green Bank Farm, near Sefton Park ; Railway
bank, Edge Lane (Missj.B.).
Borago (L.).
B. officinalis (L.). Fig. 428. Borage. Denizen. B. VI-VII.
C. Meols ; Willaston (Dr. g.).
Note. — Occurs occasionally as an outcast, or an escape from gardens.
It is grown in country parts for bees.
Fig. 426. ASPERUGO PROCUMBENS.
93
Anchusa (L.).
A. sempervirens (L.). Fig. 529. Evergreen Alkanet. Denizen.
P. V-VII.
Fields and waste ground. Very rare.
L. Near Walton Hall (D.). Allerton (t.g.).
C. Hooton Park (Miss g.). 1882, between West Kirby and
Grange Hill (r.b.) ; there 1895 (Dr- G0-
Ly cop sis (L.).
L. arvensis (L.). Fig 530. Small Buglos. Native. P. VI-IX.
Sandy fields. Common.
Myosotis (A.). Scorpion-grass.
M. caespitosa {Schultz.). Fig. 531. Tufted Water Forget-me-not.
Native. P. V.-VIII.
In ditches and other wet places. Common.
M. palustris {With.). Fig. 532. True Forget-me-not. Native.
P. V-VIII.
By slow streams and in marshy places. Frequent.
M. repens {D. Don.). Fig. 533. Creeping Forget-me-not. P.
VI-VIII.
In ditches and other wet places. Rare.
L. Pond side at Greenbank (j.h.l.).
C. Frodsham Marsh (j.f.r.). 1892, Ditch W. of Burton
(Dr. G.).
M. sylvatica {Hoffm.). Fig. 535. Wood Forget-me-not. Native.
P. V-VII.
In woods. Very rare.
L. In a wood near the bottom of the garden at Croxteth Hall
(D.).
M. arvensis {Hoffm.). Fig. 535. Field Forget-me-not. Native.
A. VI-VIII.
In cultivated fields and waste sandy ground. Common.
b. umbrosa {Bab.).
In shady woods. Frequent. Often mistaken for M. sylvatica.
M. collina {Hoff.). Fig. 536. Dwarf Forget-me-not. Native.
B. or P. IV, V.
Sandhills and hedgebanks. Rare.
L. 1901, by footpath from Hightown Station to Rifle Range
(Dr. G.).
94
M. versicolor (Reich.). Fig. 437. Parti-coloured Forget-me-not.
Native. A. or B. V, VI.
Sandhills, fields, &c. Common.
C. Prenton ; Storeton ; Thingwall ; Spital ; Ness.
Lithospermum (L.). Gromwell.
L. officinale (L.). Fig. 438. Gromwell. Native. P. VI-VIII.
In bushy and waste places. Very rare.
L. Swampy places amongst the sandhills at Little Crosby
(D.), (?) extinct. Fields beyond the iron church, Aigburth
(Mr. Paigrave), (?) extinct. 1879, scattered among the sandhills
between Hightown Station and River Alt, decreased in
quantity in 1886.
L. arvense (L.). Fig. 439. Field Gromwell.
Prior to 1872, was recorded from Allerton ; Aigburth; Gill
Moss Chapel ; in L. Bidston Stone Quarry, Egremont, in C.
Not seen since.
Echium (. L .).
E. vulgare (L.). Fig. 440. Viper’s Buglos. Native. A. or B.
VI, VII.
Sandy ground near the sea. Occasional.
L. About the sandhills and railway from Crosby to Ainsdale.
C. At New Brighton (Missc. g.), seen on the Golf Links, 1892.
In a gravel pit half-mile W. of Denhall Colliery (LorddeT.).
Meols ; Hoylake ; West Kirby (Dr. g.).
Amsinckia lycopsoides (Lehtn.). Fig. 441.
L. 1880, Birkdale Sandhills (Dr. g.). 1892, Canal Banks,
Aintree (j.a.w.).
C. As a casual, 1894, waste ground about Hoylake Gas
Works (Dr. G.).
A. spectabilis.
1901, as a casual about Formby (r.c.).
Echinospermum Lappula ( Lehm .). Fig. 442. Native in S. Europe.
A. VII, VIII.
C. 1895, as a casual in waste ground near Hoylake Gas Works
(Dr. G.).
CON VOLVULACE^E.
Calystegia (R. Br.).
C. Sepium (R. By.). Fig. 443. Great Convolvulus. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Hedges. Frequent.
95
C. Soldanella ( R . By.). Fig. 444. Sea Convolvulus. Native. P.
VI-VIII.
On the sandhills. Very rare.
L. The sandhills at Southport and Birkdale.
C. The sandhills at Wallasey (j.h.l.). Sandy banks of the
Dee at West Kirby (f.m.w.).
Convolvulus (L.).
C. arvensis (L.). Fig. 445. Small Convolvulus. Native. P.
VI- VIII.
In cultivated ground, hedge banks and the sandhills. Common.
Cuscuta (L.). Dodder.
C. EpilSnum (Weihe.). Flax Dodder. Colonist. A. VIII.
C. 1875, on Senecio vulgaris in a field on the W. side of the
high road between New Ferry toll bar and Bromborough
Pool (j.w.b.), (?) extinct.
C. europaea (L.). Greater Dodder. Native. A. VIII, IX.
C. 1869, on Vicia sativa in fields at Woodchurch (Missc. g.).
C. Epithymum (Muvr.). Fig. 446. Lesser Dodder. Native. A.
VII- IX.
L. 1901, Sandhills at Formby, on Salix vepens and Lotus
pilosus (w.s.l.).
C. On heath at Bidston Hill (D.), (?) extinct.
C. Trifolii (Bab.). Clover Dodder. Colonist. A. VII-IX.
L. 1850 and up to 1872, on red clover at Hale (D.). 1865,
on vetches at Greenbank Farm (h.g., jun.), (?) extinct.
C. Introduced at Frodsham with Alsike clover seed (j.f.r.),
(?) extinct.
SOLANACEiE.
Solanum (. L .). Nightshade.
S. Dulcamara (L.). Fig. 447. Woody Nightshade. Native. P.
VI, VII.
Banks of hedges and ponds. Common. Also wet shore near
Parkgate.
S. nigrum (L.). Fig. 448. Black Nightshade. Native or Colonist.
A. VII-X.
In waste or cultivated ground near the sea. Occasional.
L. 1876, sandy lane inland of Formby Railway Station; in
a lane between Hightown and Little Crosby (r.b.). 1884,
Roadside by Orrell Hill Wood ; between Hightown and Lady
Green (j.v.). 1891, Seven Pits, Aintree (j.a.w.).
96
C. 1893, Bidston ; Wallasey (MissW.). Meols, from Hoylake
along the shore to Burton Point and the village (r.b.). Raby
Mere; Puddington; Roadside E. of Mollington Station (Dr. g.).
S. rostratum ( Dunal .). Fig. 449. A casual. Native of the plains
from Nebraska to Texas, U.S.A.
L. 1887, margin of the sandhills between Blundellsands and
Hall Road (j.m.). 1896-1901, Canal banks, Aintree (j.a.w.).
Lycium ( L .).
L. barbarum (L.). Fig. 450. The Tea Plant. Denizen. Shrub.
VI-VIII.
An African plant, now naturalised on the Norfolk coast and in
our district.
L. Hale Point.
C. About the sandhills at Wallasey and Hoylake.
F. The Dee Cop.
Datura (L.). Thorn-apple.
D. Stramonium (L.). Fig. 451. Thorn-apple. Denizen. A. VI, VII.
In cultivated or waste ground. Occasional.
L. 1878, small held inland of Hightown Station (r.b.).
1884, Shore-side of same station (j.v.). 1892, Aintree race-
course (j.a.w.).
C. In an old quarry half a mile W. of Caldy (e.d.) ; has
existed there for several years. Roadside N. E. of Bidston
village (Dr. g.).
Hyoscyamus (Z,.). Henbane.
H. uiger (L.). Fig. 452. Henbane. Native. A. or B. VI-VIII.
In sandy ground. Rare.
L. Banks of River Alt, near Hightown Station (r.b.). 1892,
Aintree racecourse (j.a.w.).
C. About Great Meols and Hoylake ; at intervals along the
shore from Heswall to Burton Point (r.b.). Hilbre (j.v.).
H. aibus.
Has been met with about Birkenhead Docks as a ballast plant.
SCRQPHULARINEiE.
Verbascum (L.). Mullein.
V. Thapsus (A.). Fig. 453. Great Mullein. Native. B. VII-IX.
Banks and waste ground. Occasional. More frequent in C.
L. Southport (D.). Banks of River ' Mersey at Speke and
Hale ; about Walton Junction (r.b.).
Fig 453. VERBASCUM THAPSUS.
Fig. 454. VERBASCUM NIGRUM.
97
C. Lane from Puddington to the main Chester road ; Burton
Rocks, and the cops northward to the colliery (LorddeT.).
Goldworth Lane, Stanney ; 1886, Wallasey (r.b.). Oxton
Heath; Meols ; West Kirby; Dawpool ; Willaston (Dr. g.).
V. nigrum (L.). Fig. 455. Black Mullein. Casual.
C. 1890, two plants in an old quarry in Prenton Lane ; not
seen since (Dr. G.).
V. virgatum {With.). Fig. 455. Golden-rod Mullein. Casual. B.
VIII.
C. 1895, Field off Darmond’s Green, West Kirby (a.k.b.).
V. Blattaria (L.). Moth Mullein. Casual. B. VIII.
C. 1901, Lane between Burton Wood and Hadden Wood
(Dr. F.).
Linaria {Mill.). Toadflax.
L. Cymbalaria {Mill.). Fig. 456. Ivy-leaved Toadflax. Colonist.
P. V-X.
Old walls, &c. Occasional. Either introduced or escaped
from cultivation.
C. Oxton; Hooton ; Whitby; Backford (Dr. g.).
L. Elatine {Mill.). Sharp-leaved Fluellin. Casual. A. VII-IX.
Waste places. Very rare, and not permanent.
C. About Parkgate (D.). Not recorded for many years.
L. vulgaris {Mill.). Fig. 457. Yellow Toadflax. Native. P.
VI-VIII.
Hedges and waste ground. Common.
Note. — The remarkable state called Peloria was met with at Seaforth
in 1864 (t.g.).
L. viscida {Motnch.). Fig. 458. Least Toadflax. Casual. A.
VI-VIII.
(L. minor (Desf.).)
C. 1895, on the railway from Neston to Willaston (Dr. g.).
Antirrhinum {L.). Snapdragon.
A. majus (L.). Greater Snapdragon. Denizen. P. VI-VIII.
On old walls, as an escape from cultivation. Rare.
L. With both purple and white flowers on an old wall near
Broad Green ; also on an old brick wall near Wavertree lake
(D.). Not recently recorded.
C. 1901, on an old brick wall at Willaston, escaped from a
garden (Dr. g.).
g8
Scrophularia (L.). Figwort.
S. aquatica (L.). Fig. 459. Water Betony. Native. P. VII, VIII.
In wet places. Frequent.
C. Backford to Stoke ; Shotwick Dale ; Parkgate ; Great
Saughall to Chester ; Capenhurst.
S. nodosa (L.). Fig. 460. Knotty-rooted Figwort. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
In damp shady places. Common.
Mi mu lus (L.). Monkey Flower.
M. luteus (L.). Fig. 461. Yellow Monkey Flower. Colonist. P.
VII, VIII.
In damp places. Very rare.
L. Two or three plants on the side of a ditch, about three-
quarters of a mile W. of Halsall, just before reaching High
Woods Farm (r.b.).
Limosella (L.). Mudwort.
L. aquatica (L.). Fig. 462. Mudwort. Native. A. VII-IX.
The borders of ponds. Very rare.
L. Burscough Mill Dam near Ormskirk (D.).
C. S.E. margin of Raby'Mere ; there in 1895.
Digitalis (L.). Foxglove.
D. purpurea (L.). Fig. 463. Foxglove. Native. B. or P.
VI-VIII.
Hedge banks and bushy places, &c. Common.
Note. — Foxglove = Folksglove, i.e., Fairies’ glove.
Veronica (L.). Speedwell.
V. hederaefolia (L.). Fig. 464. Ivy-leaved Speedwell. Native.
A. IV-VI.
In both cultivated and waste places. Very common.
V. polita (Fr.). Fig. 465. Grey procumbent Speedwell. Native.
A. IV-VIII.
By roadsides and in cultivated ground. Frequent.
L. Southport (D.).
C. Bidston, roadside between the hill and the church (D.).
Roadside at Frankby (f.m.w). 1884, close to Burton, on E.
side (r.b.). 1892, Oxton; Hooton Station (Dr. g.).
V. agrestis ( L .). Fig. 466. Green procumbent Speedwell. Native.
A. IV-IX.
In fields and waste places. Common.
Fig. 457.
LINARIA VULGARIS.
Fig. 458.
LINARIA VISCIDA.
Fig. 459
SCROPHULARIA AQUATICA.
Fig. 466. VERONICA AGRESTIS.
Fig. 467- VERONICA PERSICA.
Fig. 469. VERONICA SERPYLLIFOLIA.
99
V. persica (Poir.). Fig. 467. Buxbaum’s Speedwell. Colonist.
A. V-IX.
V. Buxbaumii {Ten.).
In cultivated ground. Frequent.
L. Lane at Green Bank (h.s.f. ; f.p.m.). Roadside between
Little Altcar and Alt Bridge ; Cornfield close to Sefton
Station ; Lady Green ; Ince Blundell, and at intervals to
Thornton; 1878, Fields between St. Michaels and Otterspool
Stations (r.b.). Southport (j.h.).
C. Roadside at Saughall Massie (h.e.s.). Near Frodsham
(j.f.r.). Potato patch near Ince Station ; above Eastham
Ferry ; Capenhurst ; Great Meols (r.b.). Shotwick (r.d.b.).
Burton (Rev. h.). Bromborough Pool ; Prenton (Dr. g.).
F. Nant-y-Flint (Dr. g.).
Note. — This species has of late years much increased with cultivation,
and, indeed, appears to be taking the place of the preceding species.
V. arvensis (L.). Fig. 468. Wall Speedwell. Native. A. I V-IX.
Dry sandy places, the top of walls, &c. Very common.
V. serpyllifolia (L.). Fig. 469. Thyme-leaved Speedwell. Native.
P. IV-IX.
In damp pastures, waste places, &c. Common.
V. officinalis (L.). Fig. 470. Common Speedwell. Native. P.
VI-IX.
Dry banks. Common.
V. Chamaedrys ( L .). Fig. 471. Germander Speedwell. Native.
P. V-VIII.
Shady places, hedge banks, &c. Very common.
V. montana (L.). Fig. 472. Mountain Speedwell. Native. P.
V, VI.
In damp woods. Occasional.
L. Croxteth Woods (D.). Woods at Speke (Miss c. g.; &c.).
Deanwood near Upholland ; Lane one mile W. of summit of
Billinge Beacon (r.b.).
C. Bromborough and Eastham Woods (D.). Mount Wood,
Prenton (h.s.f.). Cattenhall (j.f.r.). Near Hooton Hall ;
Stanney Wood near Backford Heath (f. m. w.; &c.). 1892,
Heswall, between river and railway (Dr. g.). 1875, about Long
Green, one mile S. of Dunham Heath.
V. scutellata (L.). Fig. 473. Marsh Speedwell. Native. P.
VI-VIII.
Banks of ponds and ditches and boggy places. Occasional.
Locally common.
100
L. Ditches about Little Crosby; Formby; Hightown ;
Southport; Hale; West Derby; Kirkby (r. b.: &c.). Eccles-
ton Dam (Dr.w.).
C. Pond towards Clatterbridge from Bebington (D.). Raby
Mere; West Kirby (Missc. g.). Wallasey below Claremount
School (f.m.w.). Little Sutton (H.). Pond near Elton Green
(r.b.). Pond S.W. of Capenhurst Station (f.m.w.). Ponds
about Landican; Langfields; 1893, abundantly in pits between
Ledsham and Willaston, and thence towards Ness (Dr. g.).
b. pavmulavia ( Tuvp . et Poit.).
Has been noted in our district.
V. Anagallis (L.). Fig. 575. Water Speedwell. Native. B. or P.
VI- IX.
In ditches and wet places. Frequent.
L. Formby to Halsall.
C. Meols ; Langfields ; Great Saughall to Chester ; Burton ;
Hadlow Road.
V. Beccabunga (L.). Fig. 575. Brooklime. Native. P. V-VIII
By ditches and in wet places. Common.
C. Found with pale lilac flowers in a ditch below the Nunnery
at Upton (Dr. G.).
Euphrasia (L.). Eyebright.
E. officinalis (L.). Fig. 576. Eyebright. Native. A. VI-VIII.
In meadows, on heaths, &c. Very common.
Authority for Euphrasia and its segregates, F. Townsend in Journ Bot.
Bartsia ( L .). Red Eyebright.
B. Odontites (Finds.). Fig. 577. Red Bartsia. Native. A. VII-IX.
In both cultivated and waste places. Common.
C. Found with white flowers at Hoylake and West Kirby
(Dr. G.).
a. verna (Reichb.).
C. 1897, near Eastham Locks (j.a.w.).
c. divergens (Balb.).
C. 1892, Wallasey (j.a.w.).
B. viscosa (L.). Fig. 578. Yellow viscid Bartsia. Native. A.
VII- IX.
Sandy ground near the sea. Occasional. More rarely inland.
L. Damp hollows among the sandhills about Formby, &e. ;
IOI
inland, near Sefton (D.). Near Ormskirk (H.). Headbolt
Lane between Ainsdale and Formby Hall, and in several cross
lanes (r.b.).
C. 1894, at Hoy lake (r.b.). Very rare in C.
Pedicularis (L.). Lousewort.
P. palustris (L.). Fig. 479. Upright Lousewort. Native. B.
V-VII.
In marshy places." Very local.
L. In marshy hollows among the sandhills from Formby to
Southport ; near the railway station at Barton and Halsall.
C. In marshy places around West Kirby, and near Raby
Mere.
P. sylvatica (L.). Fig. 480. Procumbent Lousewort or Dwarf
Red Rattle. Native. B. or P. V-VIII.
In wet, heathy pastures. Common.
Melampyrum (L.). Cow- wheat.
M. pratense (L.). Fig. 481. Cow-wheat. Native. A. VI-VIII.
In woods and shady places. Occasional.
C. 1861, Overton Hill, Frodsham (D.). 1895, Eastham
Woods; Barnston Dale, at the head (Dr. g.).
Note. — Though called pratense, it is never found in fields.
Rhinanthus (L.). Yellow Rattle.
R. Crista-galli (L.). Fig. 482. Yellow Rattle. Native. A.
VI, VII.
In meadows and about the sandhills. Common.
OROBANCHACEiE.
Orobanche ( L .). Broom-rape.
0. major ( L .). Fig. 483. Greater Broom-rape. Native. P.
VI- VIII.
Parasitic upon the roots of furze and broom. Very rare.
L. Among gorse bushes at Allerton (W.). 1850, on Billinge
Beacon (D.).
C. 1855, on broom at Eastham (D.) ; now destroyed.
Note. — There are no recent records.
0. minor ( Sm .). Fig. 484. Lesser Broom-rape. Native. P.
VII- IX.
On clover. Very rare and local.
L. 1850, Clover field at Hale (j.h.). 1874, in field on clover
p
102
between Pewit Hall and Stockton’s Wood, Speke (h.s.f.; &c.).
1876, Field by Orrell Hill Wood, between Hightown and Lady
Green. 1878, at Downholland, on W. side of the canal bridge;
1885, abundant between Fleambridge and Altcar (r.b.).
O. amethystea ( Thuill .).
L. 1901, as a casual abundant in Walton Prison grounds on
Campanula media , no doubt introduced with the roots of the
latter. It has not been observed on this host before (j.a.w.).
LENTIBULARIE^E.
Utricularia (L.). Bladderwort.
U. vulgaris (L.). Fig. 485. Greater Bladderwort. Native. P.
VI-IX.
In ponds, ditches, &c. Occasional.
L. Near Southport (D.). Ditches about Formby; Altcar;
Hightown and Little Crosby ; Barton ; Halsall, towards Birk-
dale (r. b.; &c.).
C. Pond at Gillbrook, Claughton ; Pond just S.E. Meols
Station (f.m.w. ; h.s.f.). Ponds about Irby (f.m.w.). Thorn-
ton Marsh (j.s.). Dykes below Frodsham; in a plash to the
N. of Mollington (LorddeT.). Ponds about one mile N. of
Willaston (r.b.). Langfields (Dr. g.). 1889, by the River
Gowey, near Ellesmere Port.
U. minor (L.). Lesser Bladderwort. Native. P. VI-IX.
In ponds, ditches, &c. Rare.
L. Sutton Moss; Altcar and Formby Marshes; Parr Flat,
near Southport (D.).
C. Thornton Marsh (j.s.) ; confirmation is needed.
Pinguicula (L.). Butterwort.
P. vulgaris (L.). Fig. 486. Butterwort. Native. P. VI, VII.
In marshy places. Rare.
L. Southport (D.). Simmonswood Moss (w.h.).
C. Marshy spots about Thurstaston (MissC. g.). Stream side
at Raby (w.h.h.). Bog near Frodsham (j.f.r.). Langfields
(a.k.b.).
VERBENACE^:.
Verbena (. L .). Vervain.
V. officinalis (L.). Fig. 487. Vervain. Native. P. VIII, IX.
Roadsides and waste places, generally about villages. Very
rare in L. Occasional in C.
L. Hale; near Southport (D.). No recent records from L.
103
C. About Hoylake (H.) ; West Kirby (Mrs. s. b.). About
Raby and Neston ; about Sutton ; between Bebington and
Trafalgar (D.). Roadside at Newton ; corner of Rake Lane,
Dunham-on-the-Hill (f.m.w.). 1883, Caldy (e.d.). 1875,
Capenhurst ; 1883, Great Meols ; Heath Lane, Stoke; 1884,
Burton ; Shotwick (r.b.). West Kirby (a.k.b.). Heswall
(Dr.G.).
LABIATE.
Mentha (L.). Mint.
M. rotundifolia ( L .). Fig. 488. Round-leaved Mint. Casual. P.
VIII, IX.
Watery places. Rare.
C. 1894, Langfields, West Kirby (Dr.G.; a.k.b.). 1901,
Meols village (Dr.G.).
M. piperita ( Huds .). Fig. 489. Peppermint. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Damp places. Occasional.
L. Near Gill Moss Chapel (D.). In Bath Wood, Ormskirk
(t.w.). There are no recent records from L.
C. Mollington (h.s.f.). S. U. Canal at Backford (Dr.G.).
Roadside between Thingwall and Irby, var. a. officinalis {Hull) ;
Ditch between Dunkirk Farm and Capenhurst, var. b. vulgaris
{Sole) (f.m.w.). In Capenhurst and extending W. to half a
mile from Willaston ; Lane leading to Lydiate ; by the brook
at Shotwick (r.b.). Roadside from Puddington towards the
New House Farm (Rev. g.). Between Ince and Wimbold’s
Trafford (Missw.).
Note. — Intermediate states between a. officinalis and b. vulgaris are
frequent.
M. hirsuta (L.). Fig. 490. Hairy Water Mint. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
{M. aquatica (L.).)
In ditches, and also in damp hollows among the sandhills.
Common.
M. sativa (L.). Fig. 491. Marsh Whorled Mint. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
In wet places. Frequent.
L. Banks of Leeds Canal, N. of Liverpool, &c.
C. One mile N. of Willaston ; in S. U. Canal, &c.
M. rubra (Srn.). Fig. 492. Red-veined Mint. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Damp places. Rare.
io4
L. W. bank of the Canal between Maghull and Lydiate,
nearly opposite Lydiate House (r.b.).
C. Formerly found in Eastham Woods (h.s.f.). 1896, Bank
of S. U. Canal at Mollington (Dr. g.).
M. arvensis (L.). Fig. 493. Corn Mint. Native. P. VII-IX.
In cultivated fields. Common.
M. Pulegium (L.). Pennyroyal. Casual. P. VIII, IX.
Heathy and sandy ground. Very rare.
L. Sept., 1851, Newton Common, plentiful (D.). There is
no recent record.
Authorities for Mentha — J. G. Baker and Rev. E. F. Linton.
Lycopus (L.). Gipsywort.
L. europaeus (L.). Fig. 494. Water Horehound or Gipsywort.
Native. P. VII, VIII.
In ditches and by the sides of ponds. Frequent.
L. Formby; Halsall.
C. Woodchurch ; Great Meols ; Ponds S. of Noctorum ;
Heswall ; Mollington ; Backford.
Origanum (L.). Marjoram.
0. vulgare (L.). Fig. 495. Marjoram. Native. P. VIII.
Hedge banks. Very rare.
L. Between Buckley Hill School and Sefton Church (D.),
(?) extinct. Mill Lane, between Aughton and Birch’s Brow,
probably of garden origin (r.b.).
C. Roadside between Eastham and Hooton Park (j.s.).
Lane near the Lodge Farm House, between Great Saughall
and Shotwick, a doubtful native (f.m.w. ; w.w.h.). 1901,
Roadside five miles from Chester towards Neston (Dr. g.).
F. Dee Cop about a mile below Chester (e.d.).
Thymus (L.). Thyme.
T. Serpyllum (Fr.). Fig. 496. Wild Thyme. Native. P. VI-VIII.
The sandhills. Very Common. Inland on banks, heaths, and
rocks. Frequent.
T. Chamaedrys (Fr.). Larger Wild Thyme. Native. P. VI-VIII.
C. Sandy ground near the shore below West Kirby Church
(f.m.w.), (?) extinct.
Calamintha ( Moencli .). Calamint.
C. Clincpodium (. Benth .). Fig. 497. Wild Basil. Native. P.
VI-VIII.
Overgrown hedge and ditch banks. Occasional in C. Rare in
L.
L. River bank near Speke Hall; Hale Dam Wood (D.).
C. Bushy banks by Bromborough Pool (D.). Near Hooton
by roadside towards Parkgate ; Lane side leading W. from
Bromborough Station ; between Mollington Station and Back-
ford (f.m.w.). Ledsham to Shotwick ; Stoke; Whitby; Great
Saughall (Dr. g.). Between Moston Bridge and Little Sutton
(Lord de T.).
C. arvensis (Lam.). Fig. 498. Basil. Colonist. P. VII, VIII.
C. Acinos (Clairv.).
Dry gravelly places. Very rare.
F. River side of the Dee Cop about a mile below Chester
(e.d.). 1901, confirmed (Dr. g.).
C. officinalis (Mcench.). Fig. 499. Calamint. Native. P. VII-IX.
Dry banks. Very rare.
L. Near Garston (H.). Near Ditton (Miss g.).
C. Near Bromborough (D.).
There is no recent record.
Salvia ( L .). Sage.
S. Verbenaca (L.). Fig. 500. English Clary. Native. P. VI-VIII.
Dry gravelly banks. Very rare.
C. About West Kirby (D.). 1894, confirmed (a.k.b.). Lane
from Denhall towards Burton (r.b.), there in 1901.
Nepeta (L.).
N. Cataria (L.). Fig. 501. Cat Mint. Native. P. VII, VIII.
Dry banks and borders of fields. Rare.
L. 1901, Canal banks, Aintree (j.a.w.).
C. Sutton Bridge, Frodsham (D.). Near Mollington (h.s.f.).
1892, E. of Burton (Missw.).
F. 1901, Dee Cop, one mile below Chester (Dr. g.).
N. Glechoma (Benth.). Fig. 502. Ground Ivy. Native. P. IV-VI.
Hedge banks and moist shady places. Very common.
Scutellaria (L.). Skullcap.
S. galericulata (L.). Fig. 503. Greater Skullcap. Native. P.
VII-IX.
Banks of ditches and in swampy ground. Occasional.
io6
L. Southport; Crosby and Formby sandhills (D.). Sefton
Meadows. Netherton (h.s.f.). Several places around High-
town (f.m.w.; &c.) . Between Clubmoor and Anfield Cemetery;
Speke shore (j.h.l.). Ditches about Hale; by canal opposite
Lydiate House ; margin of brook at Cartbridge, between
Tarbuck and Halewood ; margin of large lake in Knowsley
Park (r.b.). Above the Mill Dam at Kirkby (Mrs. w.).
C. Upper part of Bromborough Pool (D.). Bidston Marsh
(h.s.f.). In the Fender, near the footpath towards Wood-
church (f.m.w ). Frodsham Marsh (j.f.r.). Wood adjoining
the old bathing house near Hooton Hall (f.m.w ; r.b.), (?) if
still there — the M. Ship Canal now runs along the bottom of
this wood. Ditch close to Leasowe Station ; near Ellesmere
Port; S. U. Canal at Mollington ; E. end of Dibbinsdale
(Dr. G.).
S. minor (L.). Fig. 505. Lesser Skullcap. Native. P. VII-IX.
On boggy heaths and by water. Rare.
L. Formby (t. Glover). Side of a pit at Knowsley (f.p.m.).
C. Ditch on Thurstaston Heath (f.m.w.; &c.) ; there in 1901.
Ditch in W. edge of Oxton Heath (f.m.w.), (?) extinct. Hes-
wall Heath (f.p.m.). Moor near Frodsham (j.f.r.).
Prunella ( L .). Self heal.
P. vulgaris (L.). Fig. 505. Self heal. Native. P. VI-IX.
Nearly everywhere.
Marrubium ( L .). White Horehound.
M. vulgare (L.). Fig. 506. White Horehound. Native or Denizen.
P. VIII, IX.
In waste places, generally near villages. Occasional.
L. Southport (D.). Waste ground close to Hightown
Station ; near Little Brighton — a garden escape (f.m.w.
C. Sandhills at New Brighton (Miss c. g. ; Mrs. s. b.). Hoylake
Golf Links (LorddeT.). Rocky places around Wallasey Church
(w. h.) . Roadside W. of Caldy — a garden escape (f.m.w.).
Between Greasby and Irby Windmill ; Sandhills near Dove
Point, Meols (r.b.). Near New House Farm, between
Badgers Rake and Puddington (Rev. g.; r.b.). At Capenhurst ;
on the shore at Denhall ; Burton Village (Dr. g.). Burton
Rocks (a.k.b.).
Stachys (L.). Woundwort.
S. Betonica ( Btnth .). Fig. 507. Wood Betony. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Copses, hedge banks, &c. Frequent in C., less so in L.
C. Oxton; Wallasey; Meols; Newton; Bromborough; Mol-
lington ; Stoke.
io7
S. palustris (L.). Marsh Woundwort. Native. P. VII-IX.
Ditches and watery places. Frequent.
L. Formby to Halsall.
C. Oxton ; Wallasey; Great Meols; Spital ; West Kirby;
Stoke.
S. ambigua ( Sm .). Fig. 508. Intermediate Woundwort. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
C. 1872, several places between Thornton Hough and Park-
gate (f.m.w.). 1896, confirmed (Dr. g.). 1898, upper end of
Barnston Dell (Dr. g.).
Note. — This plant is now considered to be a hybrid between S. palustris
and 5. sylvatica.
S. sylvatica (L.). Fig. 509. Hedge Woundwort. Native. P.
VII-IX.
In woods and shady places. Common.
S. arvensis (L.). Fig. 510. Corn Woundwort. Native. A. or B.
VII-IX.
In both cultivated and waste ground. Frequent.
L. Aigburth ; Ormskirk.
C. Oxton; Meols; Parkgate ; Pensby ; Little Neston ; Wil-
laston.
S. annua (L.).
L. 1892, as a casual on Aintree Racecourse (j.a.w.).
Galeopsis (L.). Hemp Nettle.
G. Ladanum (L.). Fig. 511. Colonist. A. VII-IX.
Waste places. Very rare.
L. Frequent in gravelly places about Mill Bank, West
Derby (D.). As a casual on waste ground adjoining the
W. Dock at Garston (r.d.b.).
C. 1871, Roadside at Neston (old) Railway Station (h.s.f.).
1879, there Still (LorddeT.).
G. Tetrahit (L.). Fig. 512. Hemp Nettle. Native. A. VII-IX.
Cultivated fields, hedge banks, &c. Common.
b. bifida ( Boenn .).
Has been observed in the district.
G. speciosa {Mill). Fig. 513. Large-flowered Hemp Nettle.
Colonist. A. VII-IX.
{G. versicolor {Curt.).)
In cultivated fields. Rare.
L. West Derby (w. s.;&c.). Southport; near Simmonswood
io8
Moss (D.). St. Helens Junction (j.h.l.). 1873, between
Lydiate Church and Frith Bridge; between Altcar and Hill
House; close to N. side of Barton Station (r.b.). Near Carr
Plantation, Lydiate (MissE. j.).
C. In cornfields between Woodside and Parkgate ; about
Sutton Hall (H.). In cornfields at Ford (D.). About Frod-
sham (j.f.r.). No recent records from C.
Note. — Is most frequently found growing in potato fields.
Leonurus (L.). Motherwort.
L. Cardiaca (L.). Fig. 514. Motherwort. Denizen. P. VIII.
L. A few specimens have been occasionally found about
Southport, and once near Simmonswood, but it has no claim to
be considered native.
Lamium (L.). Dead Nettle.
L. ampiexicaule (L.). Fig. 515. Henbit Dead Nettle. Native. A.
V- VIII.
In both cultivated and waste ground and the sandhills. Fre-
quent.
L. Speke ; Hightown.
C. Meols ; West Kirby; Ness Holt.
L. intermedium (Fr.).
L. 1899, as a casual, roadside at Ince Blundell (j.a.w.).
L. hybridum ( Vill. ). Cut-leaved Dead Nettle. Native. A. IV-VI.
(L. incisum (Willd.).)
In both cultivated and waste ground. Occasional.
L. Speke.
C. Caldy.
L. purpureum (L.). Fig. 516. Red Dead Nettle. Native. A. IV-X.
In waste places, hedge banks, &c. Common.
b. dtcipiens ( Sonder .).
Is probably frequent in the district (h.s.f.). (?) Flora Com-
mittee, 1893.
L. maculatum (L.). Fig. 517. Spotted Dead Nettle. Alien. P.
VI- VIII.
Hedge banks, &c., as an escape from cultivation. Occasional.
L. Hedge bank and adjoining fringe of wood in Allerton
Road (r.b.).
C. Waste ground in Capenhurst (r.b.). Ditch sides of
Brackenwood, below S. end of Storeton Hill, near Clatter-
bridge; 1901, Pass of Thermopylae, Bidston Hill, as an escape;
1902, waste ground off Waterpark Road, Prenton (Dr. g.).
Q
109
L. album (L.). Fig. 518. White Dead Nettle. Native. P.
V-VIII.
Ditch banks, waste places, &c. Occasional.
L. Near Walton Church (H.). Southport; Crosby; Aig-
burth ; Field near Aintree racecourse ; Roadsides near Gill
Moss Chapel, and near Croxteth Hall ; Ditch bank, West
Derby (D.). Upholland (Field club). Billinge (h.s.f.). Kirkby
(t.g.). 1884, Lane at back of Lee Hall, between Gateacre
and Little Woolton ; Banks of River Alt by Dunning’s Bridge
(R.B.).
C. About Eastham (H.). Bromborough (Missc. g.). Frod-
sham (j.f.r.). Irby, (?) extinct; Puddington (Miss w.). Road-
side at Whitehouse, half-way between Barnston and Thornton
Hough ; border of field at Bidston Ford (Dr. g.).
L. Galeobdolon ( Crantz .). Fig. 519. Yellow Dead Nettle. Native.
P. V-VII.
In woods, very rare.
C. Aston Wood (D.). Rock Savage Woods (j.f.r.).
Ballota (L.). Black Horehound.
B. nigra (L.). Fig. 520. Black Horehound. Native. P. VII, VIII.
Hedge banks and waste places. Common.
b. alba ( L .).
1894, Field off Darmond’s Green, West Kirby (Dr. g.).
Teucrium (. L .). Wood Sage.
T. Scorodonia (L.). Fig. 521. Wood Sage. Native. P. VII, VIII.
Dry heathy and rocky places. Common.
Ajuga ( L .). Bugle.
A. reptans (L.) Fig. 522. Bugle. Native. P. V, VI.
Damp hedge banks, woods, &c. Frequent.
L. Dungeon.
C. Frodsham ; Bromborough ; Shotwick.
PLANTAGINEiE.
Plantago (L.)-. Plantain.
P. major (L.). Greater Plantain. Native. P. VI-IX.
Waste places, &c. Very common.
b. intermedia ( Gilib .).
Roadsides and waste places. Frequent.
no
P. media (E.). Fig. 523. Hoary Plantain. Colonist. P. VI-IX.
Fields, hedge banks, &c. Very rare.
L. Knowsley Park (D.). Croxteth Hall grounds, probably
introduced with grass seeds (f.m.w.).
C. Hilbre (f.p.m.). Field off Woodchurch Road ; Eastham
(Mrs. f. b.). 1896, Field adjoining Hooton Station, E. side
(Dr. G.).
P. lanceolata (L.). Ribwort Plantain. Native. B. or P. IV-IX.
Fields, roadsides, &c. Very common.
P. maritima (E.). Fig. 525. Sea Plantain. Native. P. VI-IX.
Along the coast. Frequent.
P. Coronopus (E.). Fig. 525. Buckshorn Plantain. Native.
B. V-IX.
Gravelly places near the coast, frequent. Inland, occasional.
C. Irby Hill (Dr. G.).
P. arenaria (W. & Kit.). Fig. 626.
L. As a casual at Hightown (c.b.). 1901, Formby (r.c.).
Littorella (E.). Shoreweed.
L. lacustris (E.). Fig. 527. Shoreweed. Native. P. VI-IX.
Damp stony and sandy places. Rare.
L. Crosby Marsh (W.). Formby to Southport (D.). Margin
of the large lake in Knowsley Park (r.b.).
C. Damp places on Bidston Hill (W.). Border of a pond
near Oxton (H.). Heswall Hill (D.). Thurstaston Common,
abundantly (h.s.f.). Banks of a pond near Frodsham (j.f.r.).
Note. — Probably gone from Oxton and Bidston Hill.
ILLECEBRACE^E.
Scleranthus (E.). Knawel.
S. arinuus (E.). Fig. 528. Knawel or Knapwell. Native. A.
VI-VIII.
Fields and waste places. Occasional.
L. Hale. Speke.
C. West Kirby. Irby ; Grange Hill ; Ness ; Eastham ;
above Barnston Dale (Dr. g.).
Fig. 524. PLANTAGO MARITIMA.
PLANTAGO CORONOPUS.
Fig. 525.
Fig. 526.
PLANTAGO ARENARIA.
Fig. 527. LITTORELLA LACUSTRIS.
Fig. 528. SCLERANTHUS ANNUUS.
Fig. 529. AMARANTHUS BLITUM.
Fig. 532.
CH ENOPODIUM MURALE
Ill
Division IV. — Monochlamydeae.
AMARANTACEiE.
Amaranthus (L.). Amaranth.
A. retroflexus (L.). Casual. A. VIII.
L. Canal banks at Aintree (r.b.).
C. About the Birkenhead Docks (w. h. Holt).
A. Blitum. Fig. 529.
L. 1893, as a casual on Canal bank at Maghull. 1899,
Manure heap, near Aintree (j.a.w.).
C. 1894, among ballast on road bridge over railway, W. of
Bidston (Dr. g.).
CHENOPODIACEiE.
Chenopodium (L.). Goosefoot.
C. Vulvaria (L.). Fig. 530. Stinking Goosefoot. Casual. A.
VIII, IX.
Dry waste places near houses. Rare.
L. 1893, &c., Canal bank, Aintree (j.a.w.).
C. About Birkenhead ; Egremont ; Seacombe (h.s.f. ; r.b.).
C. album (L.). Fig. 531. White Goosefoot or Fat Hen. Native.
A. VII, VIII.
Waste plases. Very common.
a. candicans [Lam.).
Waste places. Frequent.
L. Sands near Waterloo (D.). Speke (j.h.l.).
C. Wallasey (Mrs. f. b.). Seacombe (j.h.l ). 1892, Meols
(Dr. G.).
b. vivide (L.).
Cultivated land. Common.
L. 1890, Aintree (j.a.w.).
C. 1898, Burton (Dr. g.).
c. paganum (Reichb.).
Roadsides and waste places. Frequent.
C. 1898, in a field at Pensby (Dr. g.).
112
C. opnlifolium ( Schvad .).
L. 1891, as a casual at Walton and Aintree (j.a.w.).
C. 1892, Birkenhead Docks (j.a.w.).
C. ficifolium (Sin.).
L. 1896-1901, as a casual about the canal at Aintree (j.a.w.).
C. murale (L.). Fig. 532. Sowbane. Native. A. VIII.
Waste ground, chiefly near houses. Occasional.
L. Near Speke (j.s.). Near Altcar Rifle Range (h.c.). 1891,
Aintree (j a.w.).
C. Parkgate shore (D.). Near Backwood Hall, near Park-
gate (Field club). Seacombe, as a ballast plant ; by the gas
works at Hoylake ; lane at Gt. Meols ; S. end of Little Neston
(R.B.).
C. hybridum (L.). Maple-leaved Goosefoot. Native. A. VIII.
Waste places. Very rare.
L. Bath Farm, near Ormskirk (t.w.).
Note. — There are no recent records.
C. urbicum.
L. 1901, as a casual at Aintree (j.a.w.).
C. rubrum (L.). Fig. 533. Red Goosefoot. Native. A. VIII, IX.
Waste places. Frequent.
L. In New Cut Lane about half-way between Birkdale and
Halsall ; Banks of R. Alt, opposite the Rifle Range, a pros-
trate state, with very fleshy leaves, approaching pseudo -botvy odes,
(H. C. Wats.) ; abundant by a large pond in Ackers Lane,
near Lydiate (r.b.). 1891, Aintree (j.a.w.).
C. Just below Shotwick Church ; junction of Rake Lane and
Hob Lane, W. of Dunham on the Hill (f.m.w. ; w.w.n.).
Roadside opposite Poole Hall, Netherpool ; Roadside between
Irby Windmill and Arrowe Brook ; Ditches between Plem-
stall and Little Barrow (r.b.). Bidston Village ; Burton Point
(Dr. G.).
C. glaucum (L.). Casual. A. IX.
C. 1871-2, waste ground opposite Dock Walls, Birkenhead
(R.B.).
C. Bonus=Henricus (L.). Fig. 535. All-Good. Good-King-Henry.
Native. P. V-VIII.
Waste places, chiefly near houses. Frequent.
L. Halsall.
C. Weston ; Bidston ; Wallasey ; Nessholt ; Capenhurst
(Dr. G.).
Authority for Chenopodium, A. Bennett.
Atriplex (L.). Orache.
A. littoralis (L.). Fig. 535. Grass-leaved Sea Orache. Native.
A. VII-IX.
Salt marshes. Rare.
L. Southport (D.).
C. Egremont (h.s.f.). Near Eastham (D.). Bromborough
Pool (w. h. Holt). On Macdona’s sea wall, West Kirby (r.b.).
A. patula (L.). Fig 536. Dark Green Orache. Native. A.
VII-X.
Cultivated and waste land. Common.
b. erecta ( Huds .).
L. 1894, Walton; Aintree (j.a.w.).
A. hastata (L.). Spear-leaved Orache. Native. A. VI-X.
Cultivated and waste ground. Rare.
L. Aigburth shore (w.s.).
C. On the coast half-mile N. of Parkgate ; mud banks on
Frodsham shore (LorddeT.).
A. deltoidea (Bab.). Fig. 537. Triangular-leaved Orache. Native.
A. VI-X.
Muddy places about the R. Mersey. Locally common.
L. 1901, Canal bank at Aintree (j.a.w.).
C. Bromborough Pool; near mouth of R. Gowey (Dr. g.).
b. pro strata (Bab.).
L. 1897, mouth of the R. Alt (j.a.w.).
C. Shore at Dawpool (Dr. g.).
A. Babingtonii (Woods). Fig. 538. Babington’s Orache. Native.
A. VII-X.
On the coast. Frequent.
C. Leasowe (Dr. g.).
A. laciniata (L.). Frosted Sea Orache. Native. A. VII-IX.
(A. favinosa (Dim.).)
On the coast. Occasional.
L. Formby to Southport (D.).
C. 1865, one plant gathered from a breakwater quarter-mile
N. Of Hoylake (LorddeT.).
Note. — Not recorded since.
A. portulacoides (L.). Fig. 539. Sea Purslane. Native. P.
VIII-X.
Muddy places along the coast. Occasional.
C. About Bromborough Pool and the Eastham shore.
F. Queensferry (Dr. G-).
Authority for Atriplex, A. Bennett.
Salicornia (L.). Glasswort.
S. herbacea ( L .). Fig. 540. Glasswort. Native. A. VIII, IX.
Muddy places along the coast. Frequent.
C. Bromborough Pool; Shotwick and Burton Marshes.
Suseda ( Forsk .). Sea Blite.
S. maritima ( Dim .). Fig. 541. Sea Blite. Native. A. VII-IX.
Muddy places along the coast, and among the sandhills.
Frequent.
L. Birkdale. Dungeon.
C. Bromborough Pool; West Kirby; Parkgate; Burton
Marshes.
b. procumbeus ( Sm .). Has been met with among the sandhills.
S also la ( L .). Saltwort.
S. Kali (A.). Fig. 542. Prickly Saltwort. Native. A. VIII.
Sandy shore from the Dee to Southport. Common.
C. Wallasey to West Kirby, and along Dee side.
POLYGON ACE^F.
Polygonum (L.).
P. Convolvulus (L.). Fig. 543. Black Bindweed. Native. A.
VII-IX.
In both cultivated and waste ground. Common.
b. pseudo-dumetorum (H. C. Watson).
Frequent.
P. aviculare (L.). Knotgrass. Native. A. V-IX.
Waste places inland, and along the shore. Very common.
Note. — All the states mentioned in the London Catalogue have been
noted in the district.
P. Roberti ( Loisel .). Sea Knotgrass. Native. A. or P. VIII, IX.
Fig. 541. SU/EDA MARITIMA.
Fig. 542. SALSOLA KALI.
Fig. 543. POLYGONUM CONVOLVULUS.
Fig. 546. POLYGONUM AMPHIBIUM.
Fig. 548. FAGOPYRUM ESCULENTUM.
(P. Raii (Bab.).)
Sandy sea shores. Very rare.
L. Crosby (D.). Southport (j.h.l.).
C. Shore at Dawpool, at Parkgate, and at Heswall (f.m.w.).
Between Leasowe and New Brighton ; on Little Eye, Hilbre
(Lord de T.).
P. Hydropiper ( L .). Fig. 544. Water Pepper. Native. A.
VIII, IX.
Wet places. Common.
P. minus ( Finds .). Small Persicaria. Native. A. VIII, IX.
Wet gravelly places. Very rare.
L. Walton Mere (h.s.f.). Side of the road from Simmons-
wood Moss towards Kirkby (f.m.w.).
C. Bidston Hill ; Storeton Quarries (D.). Hoylake (Mrs. f. b.).
P. Persicaria (A-)- Spotted Persicaria. Native. A. VI-X.
Damp and waste places. Common.
P. lapathifolium (A.). Fig. 545. White-flowered Persicaria. Native.
A. VII-IX.
In cultivated ground and waste places. Common.
C. Hooton ; Pensby ; Burton.
P. amphibium (A.). Fig. 546. Amphibious Persicaria. Native.
P. VII-IX.
Watery places. Frequent.
L. Liverpool and Leeds Canal.
C. Meols; West Kirby; &c.
b. terrestre (Leers.).
On boggy or even dry ground. Occasional.
P. Bistorta (A.). Fig. 547. Bistort or Snakeweed. Native. P.
VI and X.
Woods and damp fields. Occasional.
L. Fazakerley ; S.E. of Roby Village ; in woods between
Croxteth and Knowsley (D.). Rough dales, near Rainhill
(h.s.f.). N.E. side of Billinge Hill; in several places about
Hunts Cross, Garston, and Halewood ; Railway bank E. of
Rainford Junction; by the brook between Orrell Station and
Upholland (r.b.). Lathom.
C. Claughton (f.m.w.). Field off Park Road West, Birken-
head ; Dibbinsdale (Dr. g.). Capenhurst ; Woodhouses (j.f.r.).
ii6
Fagopyrum ( Gaert .). Buckwheat.
F. esculentum ( Moench .). Fig. 558. Buckwheat. Casual. A.
A. VII, VIII.
Rubbish heaps by the docks and canal. Occasional.
L. Garston (r.b.). 1881, Birkdale sandhills (Dr. g.).
C. Birkenhead Docks (r.b.)
Rumex (L.). Dock.
R. eonglomeratus (Murr.). Sharp Dock. Native. P. VI-VIII.
Damp places. Frequent.
L. Hale; Woolton.
C. Bebington ; Hooton ; Shotwick.
F. Nant-y-Flint ; Mostyn.
R. sanguineus ( L .). Fig. 559. Red-veined Dock. Native. P.
VI-VIII.
Woods and shady places. Occasional.
L. Ince Blundell (D.). Speke (j.h.l). Near Southport (j.g.).
C. Bromborough (j.h.l.). Near Parkgate Station ; Roadside
between Stoke and Little Stanney (LorddeT.; f.m.w.).
F. Nant y Flint ; behind Bagillt ; behind Fynnon Groew
(R.B.).
b. vividis ( Sibth .). Green- veined Dock. Native.
Woods and shady places. Very rare.
L. Near Ormskirk. (t.w.).
C. 1897, near Mollington (Dr. g.).
R. maritimus (L.). Fig. 550. Golden Dock. Native. P. or B.
VII, VIII.
In brackish water and in ditches on boggy land. Rare.
L. Southport (D.). In several places about Hightown,
R. Alt, Formby, Barton and Halsall (r.b., &c.).
C. 1894, Leasowe to Meols (Dr. g.). Hoylake (j.s.). Marshy
field near West Kirby (Mrs. s. b.).
Rs obtusifolius (L.J. Broad-leaved Dock. Native. P. VII-IX.
Roadsides and waste places. Very common.
R. acutus (L.). Meadow Dock. Native. P VI-IX.
(R. pratensis [Mavt. &> Koch).)
Roadsides, fields, &c. Occasional.
L. Roadside about half-way between Maghull Station and
Melling ; under Ashurst Beacon, between Ashurst Hall and
Dalton Common (r.b.).
R
Fig. 553i F'g- 554-
RUMEX ACETOSELLA HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOI DES
Fig. 555.
EUPHORBIA H ELIOSCOPI A.
Fig- 558.
EUPHORBIA EXIGUA.
XI7
C- Near the bridge just below Shotwick Church ; near Horns
Mill, Alvanley ; about Ledsham (f.m.w.). In an orchard S. end
of Little Neston ; several places about Parkgate (Lord de t.).
R. crispus (L.). Fig. 551. Curled Dock. Native. P. VI-VIII.
Roadsides and waste places, especially near the sea. Very
common.
R. Hydrolapathum ( Huds .). Fig. 552. Great Water Dock. Native
P. VII, VIII.
In ditches and the sides of ponds. Occasional.
L. Formby marsh and Southport (D.). By the outlet of a
stream on che Speke shore (f.m.w.). Many places around
Formby ; Pond on E. side of railway between Sefton and
Lydiate (r.b.).
C. Ditches on Bidston Marsh, Leasowe, and in the Lang-
fields, West Kirby (f.m.w.; h.s.f.). S. U. Canal from Elles-
mere Port to Mollington (Lord de t.). Wimbolds Trafford
(Missw.). Pond below railway station, Dunham-on-the-Hill ;
between Stanney Mill and Ince ; Pond between Great and
Little Sutton; Ponds between Little Barrow and Plemstall,
and extending towards Plemstall (r.b.). In R.1 Gowey, near
Stoke (Dr. G.).
R. Acetosa (L.). Sorrel. Native. P. IV-VII.
Meadows, hedge banks, &c. Common.
R. Acetosella ( L .). Fig. 553. Sheeps Sorrel. Native. P. IV-VI.
Dry fields and waste places. Very common.
Authority for Rumcx, W. H. Beeby.
THYMELiEACEjE.
Daphne ( L .). Spurge Laurel.
iD. Laureola (L.). Spurge Laurel. Denizen. Shrub. II-IV.
Woods, hedges, &c. Very rare.
L. Banks of the Mersey near the Decoy, Hale, and near
Halewood (D.).
Note. — There is no recent record.
EL/EAGNACE/E.
Hippophae ( L .). Sea Buckthorn.
Jl. rhamnoides (L.). Fig. 555. Sea Buckthorn. Denizen. Shrub.
IV, V.
Near the shore. Very rare.
n8
L. 1901, Lane leading towards the sandhills from Freshfield,
planted from seed obtained in Scotland (r.c.).
C. Woods by the shore at Hooton, probably introduced
(Rev. H. ; F.P.M.).
Note.— It has not been seen here for many years. The Manchester Ship
Canal now cuts through this old station.
LORANTHACE/E.
Vi scum (L.). Mistletoe.
V. album (L.). The Mistletoe. Denizen. Shrub. Ill, IV.
Upon Apple Trees. Occasionally introduced into gardens, as
at “ Fearnhead,” Great Crosby, in L. (Dr. g.).
EUPHORBIACEiE.
Euphorbia (L.). Spurge.
E. Helioscopia (L.). Fig. 555. Sun Spurge. Native. A. VI-IX.
In both cultivated and waste ground. Common.
E. Cyparissias (L.).
1895, appeared as a casual among garden rubbish near
Prenton, in C. (Dr. g.).
E. Paralias (L.). Fig. 556. Sea Spurge. Native. P. VIII-IX.
On the sandhills. Frequent at intervals.
L. Between Formby and Southport (W.). Blundellsands
(r.b.).
C. Dee shore below Caldy ; Heswall (D.). Hoylake (r.b.).
F. Sandhills at the Point of Air (r.b.).
E. Portlandica (L.). Fig. 557. Portland Spurge. Native. P.
IV-IX.
On the sandhills. Frequent at intervals.
L. Crosby to Southport (D.).
C. Sandhills between Hoylake and West Kirby (e.d. ; r.b.).
F. Sandhills at the Point of Air (r.b.).
Note.— These last two species are commonly found together where they
occur all around the coast.
E. Peplus (L.). Petty Spurge. Native. A. VII, VIII.
In both cultivated and waste ground. Common.
E. exigua (L.). Fig. 558. Dwarf Spurge. Native. A. VI-VIII.
In cultivated fields and roadsides. Frequent.
L. Hale.
Fig. 563. URTICA DIOICA.
Fig. 564.
URTICA PILULIFERA.
Fig. 565.
URTICA URENS.
Fig. 566. PARI ETARIA OFFICINALIS.
C. Newton ; Meols ; Hoylake to West Kirby ; Dawpool ;
Neston ; Parkgate ; Heswall ; Hooton ; Thornton Hough;
Denhall.
E. Lathyris (L.). Caper Spurge. Denizen. B. VI, VII.
Woods, fields, &c. Very rare.
L. Cornfields, Sankey Green (c.s.g.).
C. A weed in cultivated land at Frodsham (j.f.r.).
Mercurlalls (L.). Mercury.
M. perennis (L.). Fig. 559. Perennial Dog’s Mercury. Native.
P. IV, V.
Woods and shady places. Common.
Note. — Absent from a considerable portion of the district where the
land is sandy, or where there is old bog ground.
M. annua (L.). Fig. 560. Annual Dog’s Mercury. Casual. A.
VIII, IX.
Rubbish heaps by the canal and docks. Rare.
It has been repeatedly found as a ballast plant about the
Birkenhead Docks in C., and on the banks of the Liverpool
and Leeds Canal ; and at Garston, in L., in several places.
URTICACEizE.
U/mus ( L .). Elm.
U. montana ( Snt .). Wych Elm. Denizen. Tree. Ill, IV.
Plantations and Tledgerows. Common.
U. campestris ( Sm .). Fig. 561. Elm. Denizen. Tree. Ill, IV.
Plantations and Hedgerows. Common.
a. stibcrosa ( Ehrh .). Corky Elm.
Luxuriant about Mollington, and in Hooton Park (Dr. g.).
tiumulus (L.). Hop.
H. Lupulus (L.). Fig. 562. Hop. Denizen. P. VII.
Hedges, chiefly near villages. Frequent.
L. Hightown.
C. Noctorum ; Arrowe ; Newton ; Meols ; Little Neston ;
Thurstaston ; Shotwick ; Backford ; Overpool.
F. Dell behind Flint.
Urtica (L.). Nettle.
U. dioica (L.). Fig. 563. Great Nettle. Native. P. VI-IX.
Waste places, roadsides, &c. Very common.
Note. — This plant invariably follows the footsteps of man, and seldom,
if ever, occurs upon land that has not been cultivated and dwelt upon.
120
b. angustifolia ( Blytt ).
C. 1894, Eastham Wood (j.a.w.).
U. pilulifera (A.). Fig. 564. Roman Nettle. Casual. A.
VI-VII1.
A garden weed, and in waste ground near the docks.
L. 1852, as a weed in the garden at Hale Hall (D.).
C. Among ballast about the Birkenhead Docks (h.s.f.).
Hedgeside, Frodsham (j.f.r.).
U. urens (A.). Fig. 565. Small Nettle. Native. A. VI-IX.
In sandy, gravelly, and waste places. Common.
Parietaria (L.). Wall-Pellitory.
P. officinalis (A.). Fig. 566. Pellitory-of-the-wall. Native. P.
VI-IX.
On old walls. Occasional.
L. Old wall near a well under Ashurst Beacon, between
Ashurst Hall and Dalton Common ; old wall between Lydiate
Station and Lydiate House (r.b.). Under a hedge in College
Road, between Waterloo and Great Crosby (j.m.).
C. Two places in Bidston village (H.). Bromborough (h.c.).
Walls, &c., of West Kirby Church, and here and there
towards Grange (Missc. g.). Wall at Prenton Hall (h.s.f. ; f.p.m.).
Heath Lane, Stoke ; among loose stones by Heswall Point
(r.b.). Frodsham (j.f.r.). Hilbre (a.k.b.) Shore at Ness;
Caldy ; Leasowe; Thingwall ; Burton (Dr. g.).
F. Higher Ferry, Deeside (Dr. g.). Cop and bank of River
Dee, Queensferry (h.s.f.). Behind Llanerch y Mor (r.b.).
myricace^e;.
Myrica (A.). Sweet Gale.
M. Gale (A.). Fig. 567. Bog Myrtle. Native. Shrub. V.
Bogs, moors, &c. Occasional.
L. Near Ince Blundell (H.). Southport ; Simmonswood
Moss; Formby Marsh (D.). Rainford Moss (h.s.f.). Heathy
field adjoining Headbolt Lane, between Ainsdale and Formby
Hall (r.b.).
cupulifer^:.
Betula ( L .). Birch.
B alba (A.). Fig. 568. White Birch. Native. Tree. IV, V.
The mosses, damp woods, and hedgerows. Frequent.
L. Simmonswood ; Rainford.
C. Oxton Heath.
V
121
B. glutinosa ( Fr .). Birch. Native. Tree. IV, V.
Damp woods and hedgerows. Frequent.
Alnus ( Tourn .). Alder.
A. glutinosa (L.). Fig. 569. Alder. Native. Tree. III.
Damp woods, hedgerows, and by streams. Common.
Carpinus (L.). Hornbeam.
C. Betulus (A.). Fig. 570. Hornbeam. Denizen. Tree. V.
Damp plantations and hedgerows. Occasional. Most pro-
bably always planted.
Corylus ( L .). Hazel.
C. Avellana (L.). Fig. 571. Hazel. Native. Tree. Ill, IV.
Woods and hedgerows. Common.
Quercus ( L .). Oak.
Q. Robur (L.). Fig . 572. Oak. Native. Tree. IV, V.
Woods and hedgerows.
a. pedunculata ( Ehrh .).
Common.
b. intermedia (D. Don.).
Occasional.
c. sessiliflora (Salisb.).
Frequent.
Castanea (Tourn.) Chestnut.
C. sativa (Mill). Fig. 573. Sweet Chestnut. Alien. Tree. V.
(C. vulgaris (Lam.).)
Woods and plantations. Frequent.
C. Eastham to Bromborough ; Mollington.
Fagus (L.). Beech.
F. sylvatica (L.). Fig. 57A. Beech. Native or Denizen. Tree.
Ill, IV.
Woods and hedgerows. Common.
C. Bromborough to Eastham ; Mollington.
SALICINE^.
Salix (L.). Willow.
S. pentandra (L.). Fig. 575. Bay-leaved Willow. Native. Tree.
V, VI.
Damp places, especially on boggy ground. Occasional.
122
L. Formby; Decoy at Hale; Litherland; Ince Blundell (D.).
North Moss Lane, Formby ; Halsall (r.b.).
C. New Brighton (D.). Between Leasowe and Great Meols
(Dr. G.).
S. fragilis ( L .). Crack Willow. Native. Tree. IV, V.
Damp woods, sides of ditches, &c. Frequent.
c. Russelliana (Sm.). Bedford Willow.
C. Bidston meadows ; Gayton (j.h.l.).
S. alba ( L .). Fig. 576. White Willow. Native. Tree. V.
Damp woods, sides of ditches, &c. Frequent.
C. Meols. Oxton.
c. vitellina (L.).
Frequent.
S. triandra (L.). Almond-leaved Willow. Native or Denizen.
Tree. IV, V.
Damp woods. Very rare.
L. Halewood ; Ditton (D.).
S. purpurea (L.). Fig. 577. Rose Willow. Native. Tree.
Ill, IV.
Damp ground, and in hedgerows on sandy ground. Frequent.
L. Near Blundellsands ; Hightown ; Freshfield ; Ainsdale
(r.b.).
S. rubra ( Huds .). Rose Willow.
c. Helix ( L .).
Occasional.
C. Sutton ; Eastham ; West Kirby (D.).
S. viminalis (L.). Fig. 578. Osier. Native. Shrub. IV, V.
Damp places. Common.
S. Smithiana ( Willd .). Silky-leaved Osier. Shrub. IV, V.
Damp places. Very rare.
L. Hedges at Halewood (D.).
S. cinerea (L.). Fig. 579. Sallow. Native. Shrub. Ill, IV.
Woods, hedges, pond sides, &c. Common.
b. aquatica (Sm.).
Occasional.
SALIX CAPREA.
123
S. aurita (L.). Fig. 580. Wrinkled-leaved Sallow. Native. Shrub.
IV, V.
Woods, roadsides, &c. Common.
S. Caprea (L.). Fig. 581. Great Sallow. Native. Tree. IV, V.
Woods, hedges, &c. Common.
S. phylicifolia (L.). Tea-leaved Sallow. Native. Shrub. IV, V.
c. Weigeliana ( Willd .).
Sides of ditches. Very rare.
L. Several bushes bordering a ditch by a footpath which
leaves the high road at Maghull in the direction of the canal
and church.
S. nigricans ( Sm .) Dark-leaved Sallow. (?) Native. Shrub.
IV, V.
Damp places. Very rare.
L. Southport (D.).
S. repens (L.). Fig. 582. Dwarf Willow. Native. Shrub.
IV-VI.
Sandhills. Very common. Heaths, &c. Occasional.
Note.— The varieties fusca (L.), pro strata ( Sm .), ascendens ( Sm .), argentea
( Sm .), have been noted in the district.
Authority for Salix : — Rev. E. F. Linton.
Populus (L.). Poplar.
P. alba (L.). Fig. 583. White Poplar. Denizen. Tree. IV, V.
Woods and hedges. Frequent.
P. canescens (Sm.). Grey Poplar. Alien. Tree. IV, V.
Plantations, &c. Frequent.
P. tremula (L.). Fig. 585. Aspen. Native. Tree. IV, V.
Woods, boggy ground, &c. Frequent.
C. Oxton ; Hargreave ; &c.
P. nigra (L.). Fig. 585. Black Poplar. Alien. Tree. IV, V.
Woods, hedgerows, &c. Common.
EMPETRACEiE.
Empetrum (L.). Crowberry.
E. nigrum (L.). Fig . 585. Crowberry. Native. P. V, VI.
Moors. Very rare.
L. Fir Rough, Ormskirk (D.).
124
CERATOPHYLLE^E.
Ceratophyllum (L.). Horn wort.
C. demersum (L.). Fig. 587. Hornwort. Native. P. VI, VII.
Ponds, Ditches, &c. Rare.
L. Formby Marsh ; Ditches at Southport (D.). Pond near
S. E. end of Sefton Park (j.w.b.). Pond on E. side of the
Cheshire Lines Railway below Lydiate Hall, by a footpath
towards Carr plantation (t.b.; r.b.). Also in a pond a short dis-
tance further N. ; Land drain E. of the S. end of Headbolt
Lane, between Formby Hall and Ainsdale (r.b.).
C. Helsby (j.f.r.). In the Birket, Leasowe (Dr. g.).
C. submersum (L.). Unarmed Hornwort. Native. P. VI, VII.
Ponds and ditches. Very rare.
L. Altcar Marsh (D.). Southport (t.g.).
Division V. — Gymnospermese.
CONIFERE^E.
Taxus (L.). Yew.
T. baccata (L.). Fig. 588. Yew. Denizen. P. IV, V.
Planted in churchyards, and near old mansions. Frequent.
C. “The Old Yew” in Eastham churchyard.
F. Dell behind Flint.
Pinus (L.). Scotch Fir.
P. sylvestris (L.). Fig. 589. Scotch Fir. Denizen. P. V, VI.
Planted in woods, hedgerows, &c. Frequent.
C. Bidston Hill ; Shotwick Dale, &c.
Larix (L.). Larch.
L. europaea (L.). Fig. 590. Larch. Denizen. Tree. IV.
A native of N. Europe. It is often found planted in woods on
both sides of the River Mersey.
Fig. 584. POPULUS TREMULA.
Fig. 586. EMPETRUM NIGRUM
125
Class II.— MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Floridse.
HYDROCHARIDE^E.
Elodea (Rich.). Water Thyme.
E. canadensis (Mich,). Fig. 591. Water Thyme. Colonist. P.
VII-IX.
( Anacharis Alsinastrum (Bah.).)
Ponds and ditches. Frequent.
L. Wavertree (j.s.). Water courses by Sefton Meadows
(f.m.w.). Frequent in the canals, sluggish brooks, and old
ponds.
C. Frodsham Marsh (j.f.r.). Rock Ferry (Dr. c.). Ponds at
Prenton ; Bebington ; from Raby village to Willaston ; Mol-
lington (Dr. g.). Frequent in the canal, sluggish brooks and
old ponds.
Hydrocharis (L.). Frogbit.
H. Morsus-ranae ( L .). Fig. 592. Frogbit. Native. P. VII, VIII.
Ponds and ditches. Frequent.
L. Crosby; Formby; Southport (D.). Ditches in Gorsey
Lane, between Barton and Formby ; ditch by Moorhouse,
about one mile inland of Hightown Station (r.b.).
C. Bidston Marsh (H.). Marshes at Frodsham and Ince
(j.f.r.). In a plash N. side of Mollington Bridge (LorddeT.).
Oxton to Woodchurch (Miss c. g ; r.b.). In ponds and the
Birkett from Leasowe to Gt. Meols and Newton-cum-Larton ;
Ponds and ditches at Moreton, and in the Langfields, West
Kirby (Dr. g.). Ponds between Elion Green and Thornton-le-
Moors ; near Salters Lane, between Caughall and Mickle
Trafford; W. of Manley; between Dunham-on-the-Hill and
Dunham Heath ; between Great Mollington and Great Saug-
hall ; in ditches between Ellesmere Port and Stanlow Point ;
and near Plemstall towards Picton (r.b.). Pond near Poole
Hall, towards Hooton Wood (e.d.).
126
Stratiotes Aloides (L.). The Water Soldier, is now lost to the
district.
In Liverpool Flora , 1872, it is mentioned as having occurred in
Bootle and Walton, L. (H.). And in the higher parts of
Wirral, C. (D.).
ORCHIDE^.
Neottia (L.). Birds-nest.
N. Nidus=avls {Rich.). Fig. 593. Birds-nest Orchid. Native. P.
VI.
In woods and damp places. Very rare.
L. Halewood, and Dean Wood, Upholland; Lathom Park
(D.). Wood at Ince Blundell (Miss d.). Southport (t.g.).
Listera {R. By.). Tway-blade.
L. cordata {R. By.). Fig. 59$.
The Lesser Tway-blade is given in D. as having occurred in
L., on the banks of the Alt, below Altcar Marsh, but has not
been recorded since.
L. ovata {R. By.). Fig. 595 Tway-blade. Native. P. V, VI.
In woods and damp places. Frequent.
L. Damp hollows among the sandhills from Hall Road to
Southport. Dungeon.
C. Scattered well over C., as at Meols, West Kirby, Dibbins-
dale, Shotwick.
Spiranthes {Rich.). Lady’s Tresses.
S. autumnalis {Rich.). Fig. 596. Autumnal Lady’s Tresses.
Native. P. VIII, IX.
Meadows and sandy fields. Rare.
L. Allerton and Ince Woods (W.). Hale, &c. ; Southport
(D.).
C. Among the sandhills and in sandy fields near Wallasey
(H.), 1896 (Missw.). Hoylake (Missc. g.).
Epipactis {Rich.). Helleborine.
E. latifolia {Auct.). Fig. 597. Broad-leaved Helleborine. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
In woods, and among the sandhills. Occasional.
L. Crosby Marsh (j.s.). Close to Hall Road Station, S.W.
side (r.b.). Formby to Southport; Hale Dam; Croxteth
Wood (D.).
C. Wood between the church near Childer Thornton and
Hooton Hall (Field club). Wallasey sandhills. 1893, Wood
between Ledsham and Burton (Missw.).
Fig. 597.
EPIPACTIS LATIFOLIA.
127
E. media (Fr.). Intermediate Broad-leaved Helleborine. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
In woods. Very rare.
F. 1894, Wood inland of Flint (Dr. g.).
E. palustris ( Crantz .). Fig. 598. Marsh Helleborine. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Damp places among the sandhills. Locally abundant in L.
Rarer in C.
L. Crosby to Southport abundantly.
C. Wallasey (D.). 1893, Langfields, West Kirby (w.w.).
Orchis (L.). Orchis.
0. pyramidalis (L.). Fig. 599. Pyramidal Orchid. Native. P.
VII.
Meadows and sandhills. Rare.
L. Southport (t.g.). Between Freshfield and Ainsdale
among the sandhills (f.m.w.).
C. Among the sandhills at Wallasey; Hoylake (D.).
Note. — There are no recent records.
0. Morio (L.). Fig. 600. Green-winged Meadow Orchid. Native.
P. V, VI.
Meadows, &c. Frequent.
L. Crosby.
C. Oxton Heath ; Moreton to West Kirby ; Raby ; Hooton ;
Willaston ; Shotwick ; Frodsham.
0. mascula. Fig. 601. Early Purple Orchid. Native. P. V.
Meadows, woods, roadsides. Frequent.
C. Railway bank N. of Mollington Station; Railway banks
between Spital and Bromborough, and in the adjoining woods ;
Wood bordering the lane between Capenhurst and the Chester
road ; Shotwick Dale (r.b.). Thurstaston (Miss w.). Copse
W. of Little Storeton ; Dibbinsdale; Roadside W. of the head
of Raby Mere ; Moreton to Meols (Dr. g.).
0. incarnata (L.). Fig. 602. Marsh Orchid. Native. P. VI.
Among the sandhills. Occasional.
L. Crosby to Southport (h.s.f. ; f.m.w.).
C. Wallasey sandhills (Miss w.). Meadows between Leasowe
and Great Meols.
0. latifolia (L.). Fig. 603. Broad-leaved Marsh Orchid. Native.
P. V, VI.
Marshy places inland and among the sandhills. Occasional.
L. Meadows near Crosby (H.). Near the Old Hut, Hale ;
128
Borders of Simmonswood Moss; Formby; Southport (D.).
Near Moss Lane, between Formby and Haskayne ; Meadows
by the R. Alt below Lydiate (r.b.).
C. Fields near the sandhills, Wallasey (H.). Moreton (D.).
Leasowe to Meols (Miss w. ; Dr. g.). Langfields, West Kirby;
Thurstaston (Dr. g.).
0. maculata (L.). Fig. 60$. Spotted Hand-Orchid. Native. P.
V, VI.
In damp places. Common.
C. Raby Mere ; Meols ; West Kirby ; near Ness ; Overpool ;
Stoke.
Ophrys (. L .).
0. apifera (Huds.). Fig. 605. Bee Orchid. Native. P. VI, VII.
Damp places. Very rare.
L. Sandhills half-mile N. of Crosby Station (D.).
C. West Kirby (Mrs. f. b.). Langfields, West Kirby (h.s.).
Note. — There are no recent records.
Habenaria ( R . Br.).
H. conopsea ( Benth .). Fig. 606. Fragrant Orchid. Native. P.
VI, VII.
(Gymncidenia conopsca).
Dry fields. Rare.
L. Southport (D.).
C. Upton (D.). West Kirby (h.s.f.: f.m.w-). 1893, Lang-
fields, West Kirby (w.w.). 1887, Leasowe (Missw.). Arrowe
(T.H.).
H. albida (R. By.). Small White Orchid. Native. P. VI, VII.
Dry fields. Very rare.
C. Bromborough (w.h.h.).
H. viridis ( R . By.). Frog Orchid. Native. P. VI, VII.
Meadows and sandhills. Very rare.
L. Formby sandhills (D.).
C. Near Grange Landmark (D.). Theobauld’s field, Bidston
Hill (Mrs. F. B.).
H. bifolia (R. By.). Fig. 607. Lesser Butterfly Orchid. Native.
P. VI, VII.
Meadows and heaths. Occasional.
L. Near Sefton ; Ince ; Formby; Southport; on a reclaimed
part of Simmonswood Moss (D.).
C. Eastham; Bebington ; Sutton (H.). N. side of Brom-
Fig. 600. ORCHIS MORIO.
Fig. 601. ORCHIS MASCULA.
602. ORCHIS INCARNATA.
129
borough Pool, near the River Mersey (D.). Hilbre (t.g.).
1873, Langfields, West Kirby (h.s.). Barnston in 1893
(e.d.f.). 1896, between Willaston and Ness (Dr. g.).
Authority for Orchidea, H. N. Ridley.
IRIDEi®.
Iris (L.). Flag.
I. Pseudacorus ( L .). Fig. 608. Yellow Iris or Flag. Native. P.
VI, VII.
In wet places. Common.
Crocus (L.).
C. nudiflorus. Crocus. Denizen. P. IX.
Damp places. Very rare.
L. Meadow, Warrington (j.f.r.). About one and a half
mile from Liverpool towards Allerton (W.). (?) Built over
now, 1900. There are no recent records.
AMARYLLIDE^E.
Narcissus (L.).
N. pseudo=narcissus (L.). Fig. 609. Daffodil, Lent Lily. Native.
P. IV, V.
Damp woods, hedge banks, &c. Rare.
L. Halewood ; Fazakerley ; Gill Moss (D.). Wood near
Halsnead Park (Rev. h.). Knowsley Park (h.l.h.). Planted in
the Dingle (Dr. g.).
C. Wood near Frodsham (j.f.r.).
N. biflorus (Curt.). Fig. 610. Two-flowered Narcissus. Denizen.
P. IV, V.
Banks, &c. Very rare.
C. Abundantly on Hilbre in one place ; evidently of very
early introduction, and may even date back to the time when
a religious house existed on the island (h.s.f.) ; very abundant
in 1901.
N. poeticus (L.).
Occurs occasionally in the district as an outcast from gardens.
Galanthus (L.). Snowdrop.
G. nivalis (L.). Fig. 611. Snowdrop. Denizen. P. Ill, IV.
In woods and meadows, always introduced. Rare.
L. Wood by side of road quarter-mile W. of Roby (D.).
130
Wood near Halsnead (Rev. h.). 1887, abundant in a large field
between Druids Cross and the Woolton Road (r.b.).
C. Bellaire Wood, near Frodsham ; and at Bromborough
(j.f.r.). Hooton Park (t.g. ; h.c.), there in 1902.
DIOSCORE^.
Tamus (L.). Black Briony.
T. communis (L.). Fig. 612. Black Briony. Native. P. VI, VII.
Hedges. Common.
LILIACE TE.
Ruscus ( L .). Butcher’s Broom.
R. aculeatus (L.). Fig. 613. Knee Holly. Butcher’s Broom.
Denizen. Shrub. Ill, IV.
Thickets. Very rare.
C. 1877-1887, about half-a-dozen bushes in the hedge and
adjoining thicket and dell on the Chester high road, about
three-quarter mile S. of the canal bridge near Backford (e.d.).
Asparagus (L.).
A. officinalis ( L .). Fig. 614. Asparagus. Native or Denizen.
P. VIII.
a. hovttnsis [Loud. Cat.).
Naturalised on the sandhills, originally escaped from cultiva-
tion about Formby.
L. At intervals among the sandhills from Hall Road to Birk-
dale (r.b.).
C. Wallasey sandhills, 1893 (Dr-G.).
Note. — This plant is cultivated in considerable quantity about Formby.
Polygonatum ( Totirn .). Solomon’s Seal.
P. multiflorum [All.). Solomon’s Seal. Denizen. P. V.
Woods, &c. Very rare.
L. Hedge bank near Ormskirk (t.w.).
Note. — There are no recent records.
Convallaria (L.). Lily of the Valley.
C. majalls (L.). Fig. 615. Lily of the Valley. Denizen. P. V.
Woods, &c. Very rare.
L. Knowsley (D.).
C. Dunsdale Valley, Overton Hills (j.f.r.).
Fig. 613. RUSCUS ACULEATUS.
Fig. 614. ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS.
Fig. 615. CONVALLARIA MAJALIS.
Fig. 616. ALLIUM AMPELOPRASUM.
A. Ampeloprasum (L.). Fig. 616. Colonist. P. VIII.
L. 1891, Field close to the sandhills at Formby (r.b.).
Allium ( L .). Garlic.
A. Scorodoprasum (L.). Fig. 617. Sand Leek. Native. P.
VI, VII.
Sandy banks. Very rare.
L. Banks of the River Mersey at Speke, and towards
Dungeon (D.).
A. vineale (L.). Fig. 618. Crow Garlic. Native. P. VII.
Waste ground. Very rare.
L. Near Speke, abundantly (D.). No recent records.
C. 1894, Hedgecop in the Langfields near Hoylake (Dr. g.).
F. 1901, abundant on the Dee Cop near Higher Ferry (Dr. g.).
A. ursinum (L.). Fig. 619. Garlic. Ramsons. Native. P.
V, VI.
Woods and hedge banks. Occasional.
L. Hale.
C. Frodsham; Rocksavage ; Shotwick ; Gayton (Flora Com-
mittee). Parkgate to Neston (Dr. g.).
Scilla ( L .). Squill.
S. nutans (Sm.). Fig. 620. Hyacinth. Blue-bell. Native. P. V.
Woods and hedge banks. Common.
Ornithogalum ( L .). Star of Bethlehem.
0. umbellatum (L.). Fig. 621. Star of Bethlehem. Denizen. P. V.
Woods and hedge banks. Rare.
L. Southport; Meadow at Litherland near the canal (D.).
Formby (j.h.l.). N. of Altcar Rifle Range (h.c.). A short
distance inland of Hightown Station (r.b.).
C. 1893, Railway bank between Hoylake and West Kirby.
Narthecium [Finds.). Bog Asphodel.
N. ossifragum (Finds.). Fig. 622. Bog Asphodel. Native. P.
VI, VII.
Boggy places. Occasional.
L. Formby to Barton.
C. Boggy heaths at Oxton, Thurstaston and Heswall.
Asphodelus fistulosus ( Willd .). Fig. 623. Casual.
L. 1900, Walton Gaol grounds (j.a.w.).
C. 1 866, as a ballast plant on new made roads at Claughton
(h.s.f.). Birkenhead Docks (r.b.).
132
Paris ( L .). Herb Paris.
P. quadrifolia (L.). Fig. 624. Herb Paris. Native. P. V.
Damp woods. Rare.
L. Wood near Billinge ; Bath Wood (D.).
C. Rock Savage (j.f.r.). Wood opposite the canal at Aston
Park (D.).
JUNCACE^.
J uncus (L.). Rush.
J. bufonius (L.). Fig. 625. Toad Rush. Native. A. VII, VIII.
In wet places. Very common.
b. fasciculatus (Koch).
In ground which is covered by water in winter, but dry in
summer. Rare.
L. Shore at Speke (j.h.l.).
C. Seacombe (j.h.l.). Waste ground near Birkenhead Docks.
J. squarrosus (L.). Fig. 626. Heath Rush. Native. P. VI, VII.
Wet heaths and moors. Common.
J. compressus ( Jacq .). Fig. 627. Round-fruited Rush. Native.
P. VI-VIII.
Damp places. Very rare.
F. 1896, Burton Marshes, near railway (Dr. g.).
Note. — In Liverpool Flora, 1872, this plant was given as a sub-species of
J. bulbosus (L.), and described as “frequent ; ” but the Flora Committee of
1893 were not aware of its existence in the district at that time, and
thought it had been entered in error.
J. Gerardi (Lois.). Fig. 628. Mud Rush. Native. P. VI-VIII.
Salt marshes. Common.
J. glaucus (Ehrh.). Fig. 629. Hard Rush. Native. P. VII.
Wet places. Common.
J. diffusus (Hoppe.). Diffuse Rush. Native. P. VII, VIII.
Wet places. Very rare.
C. Overton Hills, very sparingly (j.f.r.).
Note. — There are no recent records. This plant is now considered a
hybrid of J. glaucus and J. effusus.
J. effusus (L.). Soft Rush. Native. P. VII, VIII.
Wet places. Common.
J. conglomeratus (L.). Close-flowered Rush. Native. P. VII.
Marshy places. Common.
Fig. 619.
ALLIUM URSINUM.
T
Fig. 620 SCILLA NUTANS.
Fig. 621 ORNITHOGALUM UMBELLATUM.
Fig 622. NARTHECIUM OSSIFRAGUM.
Fig. 624. PARIS QUADRIFOLIA
Fig. 630.
JUNCUS MARITIMUS.
Fig. 631.
JUNCUS SUPINUS.
Fig. 632.
JUNCUS LAM PROCAR PUS.
133
J. maritimus (Sm.). Fig. 630. Lesser Sea Rush. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Salt Marshes, and hollows among the sandhills. Occasional.
L. Southport (D.). Dungeon; Formby; 1875, Banks of
River Mersey, between Ditton and Hale Point (r.b.).
C. Bidston marsh, and back of the sandhills between Hoylake
and West Kirby (H.). Behind the sandhills, between Wal-
lasey and Leasowe ; Seacombe (j.h.l.). Bromborough Marsh
(h.s.f.). Shore between Eastham Ferry and Ellesmere Port ;
about the old ferry at Ince (r.b.).
J. supinus ( Moench ). Fig. 631. Lesser Jointed-Rush. Native. P.
VI-VIII.
Damp places. Rare.
d. uliginosus (Roth.).
C. Claughton (j.h.l.). Oxton Heath (r.b.).
e. subvert icill at us ( Wulf .).
Damp places. Occasional.
L. Ditches between Little Crosby and Ince (H.). Formby
(D.)
C. Bidston marsh (H.). Frodsham (j.f.r.).
J. obtusiflorus (Ehrh.) Blunt-Flowered Rush. Native. P. VII-IX.
Damp places. Rare.
Note. — Recent confirmation is required.
J. lamprocarpus (Ehrh.). Fig. 632. Shining-Fruited Rush. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
Boggy places. Common.
J. acutiflorus (Ehrh.). Fig. 633. Sharp-Flowered Rush. Native.
P. VI-VIII.
Woods and damp places. Common.
Luzula (Cand.). Wood-Rush.
L. pilosa (Willd.). Fig. 634. Hairy Wood-Rush. Native P. V.
Woods and shady places. Frequent.
L. Hale.
C. Eastham ; Barnston Dale.
L. maxima (D. C.). Fig. 638. Great Wood-Rush. Native. P.
IV-VI.
Woods and shady places. Occasional.
C. Eastham Woods ; Barnston Dale.
134
L. campestris ( D . C.). Fig. 636. Field Wood-Rush. Native. P.
IV, V.
Woods and meadows. Very common.
L. multiflora ( Lej .). Fig. 637. Many-headed Wood Rush. Native.
P. VI.
Woods and heaths. Frequent.
a. umbellata.
L. Plantation abutting on the shore at Speke (j.h.l.). Road-
side between Formby and Haskayne (r.b.). Garswood (Dr. g.).
C. Hooton Park, &c. (Dr. g.).
b. congest a {Koch.).
Damp heathy places. Commoner than the type form.
L. Kirkby ; Garswood.
C. Bidston and Oxton ; Heswall and Thurstaston, on the
heaths. Near Ness.
TYPHACEiE.
Typha (L.). Reed-Mace.
T. latifolia (L.). Fig. 638. Great Reed Mace. Native. P.
VI, VII.
Ponds and ditches. Common.
T. angustifolia (L.). Fig. 639. Small Reed Mace. Native. P.
VI, VII.
Ponds and ditches. Frequent.
L. Kirkby.
C. In ponds about Prenton, Landican, Meols, Parkgate to
Thornton Hough, and Little Sutton.
Sparganium {L.). Bur-reed.
S. ramosum {Curt.). Fig. 640. Branched Bur-reed. Native. P.
VI, VII.
Ponds and ditches. Common.
S. simplex {Huds.). Fig. 641. Unbranched Bur-reed. Native.
P. VII.
Ponds and ditches. Common.
C. Ponds at Leasowe, Irby, Ledsham to Neston, N, of Wil-
laston.
S. minimum {Fr.). Fig. 642. Smaller Floating Bur-reed. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
Ponds and ditches. Rare.
C. Near New Ferry; Woodhead Farm, Lower Bebington
I35
(D.). Pond between Limbo Lane and E. side Thurstaston
Hill (f.m.w.). Pond near footpath quarter-mile from Little
Sutton Station towards Overpool (r.b.) ; therein 1899 (Dr. g.).
Pond one mile S. of Raby (r.b.).
Authority for Sparganium, W. H. Beeby.
AROIDE/E.
Arum (L.). Cuckoo-pint.
A. maculatum (L.). Fig. 643. Cuckoo-pint. Lords and Ladies.
Native. P. IV, V.
Woods and hedge banks. Occasional.
C. About Prenton Dell; Woodchurch and Arrowe Park;
Neston, near the shore ; Mollington ; Shotwick Dale to the
Marsh.
Acorns. Sweet Flag.
A. Calamus (L.). Fig. 644. Sweet Flag. Colonist. P. VI, VII.
Lakes and ponds. Rare.
L. In the lake at Croxteth (Miss g.). Calcotts Pond, Green
Bank (H.G.,jun.).
C. S. U. Canal, from Ellesmere Port to Chester, at intervals
(LorddeT.; &c.).
LEMNACEiE.
Lemna (L.). Duckweed.
L. trisulca ( L .). Fig. 645. Ivy-leaved Duckweed. Native. A.
VI.
Ponds and ditches. Common.
L. minor (L.). Fig. 646. Lesser Duckweed. Native. A. VI, VII.
Ponds and ditches. Very common.
L. gibba (L.). Fig. 647. Gibbous Duckweed. Native. A.
VI-VIII.
On stagnant water. Occasional.
C. Pond one mile N. of Willaston.
L. polyrrhiza (L.). Fig. 648. Greater Duckweed. Native. A.
Ponds and ditches. Occasional.
L. Near Clubmoor (D.). Broad Green and Green Bank
(j.h.l.). Ponds between Lydiate Hall and River Alt (t.b.).
C. Frodsham Marsh (j.f.r.). Seacombe (j.h.l.). Pond
quarter mile N. of Great Mollington. 1900, Pond quarter mile
S. of Hadlow Road Station (Miss w.).
Note. — This plant does not flower in Britain.
136
ALISMACE.®.
Alisma (L.). Water Plantain.
A. Plantago (L.). Fig. 6$9. Great Water Plantain. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Ponds and ditches Common.
Note. — Both the type and b. lanceolatum (With.) occur in the district.
A. ranunculoides (L.). Fig. 650. Small Water Plantain. Native.
P. VI, VII.
Ponds and boggy places. Frequent.
L. Formby ; Halsall ; Barton; Hale; Kirkby ; Crosby.
C. Helsby; Wallasey; Leasowe ; Meols; New Ferry;
Prenton ; Irby ; Head of Raby Mere ; Langfields, West
Kirby ; Caldy.
Note — Both the type and b. repens (Davies) occur in the district.
Elisma. Floating Water Plantain.
E. natans (Buckenau). Floating Water Plantain. Native. P.
VIII.
(Alisma natans).
In the S. U. Canal. Rare.
C. In the canal E. of Mollington Viaduct, and again, a short
way W. of Chorlton Bridge (LorddeT. ; f.m.w.).
Sagittaria ( L .). Arrow-head.
S. sagittifolia (L.). Fig. 651. Arrow-head. Native. P. VIII.
In the S. U. Canal. Very rare.
C. In the canal at intervals from Ellesmere Port to Mol-
lington Viaduct (LorddeT.; F.M.W., &c.).
Butomus (L.). Flowering Rush.
B. umbellatus (L.). Fig. 652. Flowering Rush. Native. P.
VI, VII.
Rivers, ponds and ditches. Occasional.
L. Between Ince and the sea (W.). Formby (H.). Little
Crosby; Southport (D.). Calcott’s pond, Sefton Park (h.s.f.).
1886, shallow pool at Halewood (r.h.d.).
C. In many ponds and ditches at intervals from Bidston to
West Kirby (H. ; r.b., &c.). In many ponds and ditches about
Frodsham, Ince, Plemstall, Wimbolds Trafford, &c. (j.f.r. ;
r.b., &c.) . Canal between Mollington Viaduct and Chorlton
Bridge (Lord de t. ; f.m.w.). Trenches between Thornton-le-
Moors and Stoke (f.m.w. ; w.w.n.).
i37
NAIADACE/E.
Triglochin (L.). Arrowgrass.
T. palustre ( L .). Fig. 653. Marsh Arrowgrass. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Marshy places. Frequent.
L. Formby to Haskayne, Barton and Halsall.
C. Burton, Leasowe, Mollington. Wallasey Marsh ; Raby *
S. U. Canal banks ; Backford.
T. maritimum (L.). Fig. 65$ Seaside Arrowgrass. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Salt marshes. Frequent.
L. Mouth of the R. Alt ; Dungeon.
C. Leasowe; West Kirby; Burton Marshes; Bromborough
Pool.
Potomogeton (L.). Pondweed.
P. natans (L.). Fig. 658. Floating Pondweed. Native. P.
VI, VII.
Ponds and ditches. Common.
P. polygonifolius (Pour.). Oblong-leaved Pondweed. Native. P.
VII.
Ponds and ditches. Rare.
L. Canal at Litherland (H.). Moss Pit, Aintree (f.m.w.).
Pond in quarry N.W. of R. C. Chapel, Little Crosby (j.h.l.).
C. Oxton Heath (f.m.w. ; h.s.f.). Dykes in the Langfields,
West Kirby (f.m.w.).
P. rufescens ( Schrad .). Reddish Pondweed. Native. P. VII.
Streams and ditches. Occasional.
L. Altcar Marsh; Formby Marsh (D). Near Warrington
(t.g.). In North Moss Lane, Formby (f.m.w.).
C. Pond between Ledsham Station and Hailwood Farm;
near W. end of Capenhurst ; E. of Hargreave Hall ; Pond
between Capenhurst and Ledsham ; Pond between Ledsham
and Willaston (r.b.).
P. heterophyllus ( Schreb .). Fig. 656. Various-leaved Pondweed.
Native. P. VI, VII.
Ponds and ditches. Rare.
L. Marsh and ditches N. of Crosby (D.). Near Birkdale
(h.s.f.; f.p.m.). Shallow pool among the sandhills between
Formby and Freshfield (e.d.).
C. Bidston Marsh (H.). Pond between Thurstaston and
Dawpool (r.b.).
i3§
P. lucens (L ). Fig. 657. Great Pondweed. Native. P. VI.
Ponds and ditches. Very rare.
L. Formby Marsh (D.).
C. 1895, Pond near Ledsham (Dr. g.).
P. perfoliatus (L.). Fig. 658. Perfoliate Pondweed. Native.
P. VII.
Canals and ponds. Very rare.
L. Canal between Bootle and Litherland (H.). And on to
Halsall, &c. (r.b.).
P. crispus (A.). Fig. 659. Curled Pondweed. Native. P. VI.
Ponds and ditches. Frequent.
C. Birkenhead Park ; Bidston Ford ; Leasowe.
b. s err at us (Finds.).
Is often met with in the district.
P. densus (L.). Opposite-leaved Pondweed. Native. P. VI, VII.
Ponds and ditches. Very rare.
L. Ponds in brickfields between Edge Lane and Wavertree
Road ; on E. side of the Botanic Gardens (f.m.w.).
Note. — This locality was probably destroyed by the building of the
Exhibition in 1886.
P. obtusifolius ( Mert . and Koch.). Fig. 660. Grassy Pondweed.
Native. P. VI, VII.
Ponds and ditches. Occasional.
L. Stream in Croxteth Park ; Crosby Marsh ; near High-
town Station (D.). Pond in quarry N.W. of R. C. Chapel,
Little Crosby (j.h.l.).
C. Near Rock Ferry (D.). In ponds in the following
localities, viz. : halfway between Hadlow Road Station and
Hailwood Farm; W. end of Capenhurst ; near Hargreave
Hall ; by the footpath from L. Sutton Station towards Over-
pool ; near Rake Lane, Bromborough ; in Hooton Park ;
between Ledsham Station and Hadlow Road ; and thence
westward towards the Chester Road (r.b.). Ponds near Raby
and Backford (Dr. g.).
P. pusillus (L.). Small Pondweed. Native. P. VI.
Ponds and ditches. Frequent.
C. Near Willaston ; Helsby Marsh.
b. tenuissimus (Koch.). Fig . 661.
C. Langfields, West Kirby ; Newton ; Backford ; S. U.
Canal (Dr. g.).
Fig. 655. POTAMOGETON NATANS.
Fig. 656. POTAMOGETON H ETEROPHYLLUS.
Fig. 657. POTAMOGETON LUCENS.
Fig. 658.
POTAMOGETON PERFOLIATUS.
u
Fig. 668. SCIRPUS C/ESPITOSUS.
Fig. 669. SCIRPUS FLUITANS.
I39
P. pectinatus (L.). Fig. 662. Fennel-leaved Pondweed. Native.
P. VI, VII.
Ponds and streams. Occasional.
L. At intervals in the canal between Liverpool and the limits
of the district (H.).
C. Pond near Poulton Bridge (D.). Ditch near Leasowe
Lighthouse (j.h.l.). At intervals in the canal between Elles-
mere Port and Chester (f.m.w.; r.b.). Helsby Marsh.
b. scop ar ins (Wallr.).
L. Ditches near the Decoy at Hale (r.b.).
C. Frodsham Marsh (j.f.r.).
Authorities for Potomogeton , Alfred Fryer and Arthur Bennett.
Ruppia (L.). Tassel Pondweed.
R. spiralis (Hortm.). Greater Ruppia. Native. P. VII, VIII.
Salt water pools and ditches. Occasional.
L. Crosby (H.).
C. Bidston Marsh (H.). Salt marshes below Puddington
(LorddeT.; F.M.W.).
R. rostellata (Koch.). Fig. 663. Lesser Ruppia . Native. P. VI-VIII.
In salt water pools and ditches. Occasional.
C. Seacombe (j.h.l.). Bidston Marsh (r.b.). S. U. Canal
(Dr. G.).
Zannichellia (L.). Horned Pondweed.
Z. palustris (L.). Fig. 66$. Horned Pondweed. Native. A. or
P. V-VIII.
Ponds and ditches. Frequent.
L. Formby to Halsall ; Barton and Halsall.
C. Great Mollington ; Burton Marsh ; Leasowe ; Bidston
Marsh ; Langfields, West Kirby ; Parkgate.
Z. pedunculata ( Reichb .). Stalk-fruited Horned Pondweed. Native.
A. or B. V-VIII.
Ponds and ditches. Rare.
L. Southport (t.g.).
C. Frodsham (j.f.r.). Between Ellesmere Port and Stanlow;
Ditches inland of Heswall Point ; Bidston Marsh (r.b.).
Zostera (L.). Grasswrack.
Z. marina (L.). Grasswrack. Native. P. (?) VII, VIII.
Saltwater pools and ditches. Rare.
L. Near the mouth of R. Alt (H.).
C. Hoylake (D.).
Note.— There are no recent records ; it is probably extinct
140
GLUMIFER JE.
CYPERACE^.
Eleocharis ( R . By.).
E. acicularis ( Sm .). Slender Club-rush. Native. P (?) A. VIII,
IX.
Damp, sandy, and heathy places. Occasional.
L. Sandhills, Crosby (D.).
C. Bidston Heath (D.).
E. palustris ( R . Br.). Fig. 665. Marsh Club-rush. Native. P.
VII-IX.
Marshy places. Common.
E. uniglumis (Link). Fig. 6S6. Link’s Club-rush. Native. P.
VII-IX.
Wet sandy places, especially near the sea. Rare.
L. Seven Pits, Aintree; Hale Bank (h.s.f.). Damp places
among the sandhills near Ainsdale Station ; Marsh by the
bridge leading to the Rifle Range, Altcar (f.m.w.). Salt
Marsh at Dungeon (r.b.).
C. Damp ground near Leasowe Lighthouse; Upper Lang
Fields under the Hill Houses. West Kirby (f.m.w.). Shore
half a mile S. of Parkgate (LorddeT.).
F. Great Saughall (Dr. g.).
b. Watsoni (Bab.).
L. Ainsdale (Dr. b. c.).
E. nuilticaulis (Sm.). Fig 667. Many-stemmed Club-rush. Native.
P. VII-IX.
Marshy places. Occasional.
L. Marsh between Southport and Ormskirk (D.). 1885,
margin of the large lake in Knowsley Park (r.b.).
C. Oxton Heath (h.s.f.). Frankby (Rev. h.). Frequent on
moist heaths in Cheshire (f.m.w.). Heswall Hill.
Scirpus (L.). Club-rush.
S. pauciflorus ( Lightf .). Chocolate-headed Club-rush. Native. P.
VII-IX.
Damp, sandy, and heathy places. Occasional.
Fig. 671. SCIRPUS TABERN/EMONTANI.
Fig. 674.
SCIRPUS SYLVATICUS.
Fig. 677.
ERIOPHORUM LATIFOLIUM.
Fig. 675.
ERIOPHORUM
VAGINATUM.
Fig. 676.
ERIOPHORUM
ANGUSTIFOLIUM.
Fig 679.
CAREX PULICARIS.
L. Crosby (H.). Damp sandy hollows at Hightown,
Formby, Freshfield (r.b.). Birkdale (j.h.l.). Warbreck
Moor (h.s.f.).
C. Sandhills, Wallasey (LorddeT.).
S. caespitosus (L.). Fig. 668. Scaly-stemmed Club-rush. Native.
P. VI, VII.
Damp, heathy places. Occasional.
L. Formby; Southport (D.).
C. Bidston and Oxton Heaths (H.). Heswall Hill (D.).
West Kirby. Overton Hills (j.f.r.).
S. fluitans (L.). Fig. 669 Floating Club-rush. Native. P. VI,
VII.
Ponds and ditches. Occasional.
L. Litherland (D.). Martin Mere (t.g.). 1873, Ditches
between Haskayne and Formby (r.b.). Pond in Quarry
N.W. of R. C. Chapel, Little Crosby (f.m.w.).
C. Frodsham (j.f.r.). Oxton Heath (h.s.f.). Pond in
field between Willaston and Hargreave Hall (r.b.). Pond E.
of Ness.
S. Savii (Seb. and Maur.). Native. A. or P. VII.
Marshy ground near the coast. Rare.
L. 1873, Marsh by the bridge leading to Altcar Rifle Range
(f.m.w.). 1897, Birkdale (j.a.w.).
F. 1894, Nant-y-Flint (Dr. g.).
S. setaceus (L.). Fig. 670. Bristle-like Club-rush. Native. P.
VI-VIII.
Damp, sandy, and gravelly places. Common.
S. lacustris (L.). True Bull-rush. Native. P. VI, VII.
Ponds and marshes. Very rare.
C. 1888, Pond near the Birket, near Meols (r.b.).
S. Tabernaemontana (Gmel.). Fig. 671. Glaucous Bull-rush. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
Ponds and marshes. Occasional.
L. Crosby Marsh (j.s.). Pond near Carr Lane, West Derby;
Southport (D.).
C. Ditches about Seacombe and Bidston Marsh (H.). Ince
Marshes (j.f.r.). Pond between Meols and Newton (r.b.).
Bidston Ford (Dr. g.).
S. maritimus (L.). Fig. 672. Sea Club-rush. Native. P. VII-IX.
Marshy places near the coast. Frequent.
142
b. compactus (Koch).
1892, Southport (j.a.w.).
S. sylvaticus (L.). Fig . 673. Wood Club-rush. Native. P.
VI, VII.
Damp shady places. Rare.
L. Sankey Canal Bank, near Parr Hall ; Dean Wood, Up-
holland ; Pond behind the Cranes, Lathom (D.).
C. Bromborough Woods (Rev. h.; f.p.m.). Mollington.
S. Caricis ( Retz .). Fig. 675. Broad-leaved Blysmus. Native.
P. VI, VII.
(Blysmus compressus (Panz.).)
Damp places near the coast. Rare.
L. 1874, by mouth of the River Alt (r.b.) ; 1901, there yet.
S. rufus (Wahlb.). Narrow-leaved Blysmus. Native. P. VI, VII.
(Blysmus rufus (Link).)
Damp places near the coast. Rare.
L. Sea shore S. of Southport (D.). Dungeon (Rev. h.). Marsh
near the bridge leading to Altcar Rifle Range.
F. On the marsh below Puddington, and below Shotwick
(LorddeT.; F.M.W.).
Authority for Eleocharis and Scirpus, C. B. Clarke.
Eriophorum (L.). Cotton-grass.
E. vaginatum (L.). Fig. 675. Hare’s Tail Cotton-grass. Native.
P. II1-VI.
Boggy places. Occasional.
L. Gill Moss ; Simmonswood Moss (H.). Crosby; Formby;
Southport ; Chat Moss (D.). Rainford (w.s.).
C. Bidston Marsh (D.).
E. angustifolium (Roth.). Fig. 676. Cotton-grass. Native. P.
III-VI.
Boggy places. Frequent.
E. latifolium (Hoppe.). Fig. 677. Downy-stalked Cotton-grass.
Native. P. V, VI.
Boggy places. Occasional.
L. Litherland ; Gill Moss (H.). Formby; Southport; Sim-
monswood Moss (D.). Crosby Marsh (j.s.).
C. Bidston Marsh (H.).
143
Rhynchospora ( Vahl .).
R. alba (Vahl.). Fig. 678. White Beak-Sedge. Native. P.
VIII, IX.
Boggy places. Occasional.
L. Gill Moss (H.). Simmonswood Moss (D ).
C. Frodsham (j.f.r.). Alvanley; Dunham-on-the-Hill (r.b.).
Carex (L.). Sedge.
C. pulicaris (L.). Fig. 679. Flea-Sedge. Native. P. V, VI.
Boggy places. Occasional.
L. Formby Marsh (D.). Huyton Quarry (Rev. h.).
C. Bidston Hill (D.). Frodsham (j.f.r.). Swamp by the
stream a short distance beyond Raby Watermill towards
Thornton Grange (f.m.w. ; r.b ). Thurstaston (Dr. g.).
C. disticha (Finds.). Fig. 680. Soft-brown-Sedge. Native. P.
VI, VII.
Marshy places. Occasional.
L. Crosby Marsh ; Ditches near Southport (D.). Planta-
tion abutting on the shore at Speke (j.h.l.). Damp hollow
near Hightown Station (r.b.).
C. Ditches below Wallasey (D.). Margin of S U. Canal S.
of Chorlton Bridge (Lord deT.; f.m.w.). 1875, near the Mount
between Backford and Little Stanney ; 1883, by the footpath
from Great Meols to the Birket (r.b.). Bidston Ford; Canal
at Ellesmere Port (Dr. g.).
C. arenaria (L.). Fig. 681. Sand-Sedge. Native. B. VI, VII.
Sandy shores from the River Dee to Southport. Common.
Sandy cops inland in Wirral. Frequent.
C. teretiuscula (Good.). Lesser Panicled Sedge. Native. P. VI,
VII.
Damp places. Rare.
L. Formby ; Altcar ; &c. (D.).
C. Upton Meadows (D.).
Note. — This species has not been noted for a long time.
C. paniculata (L.). Fig. 682. Greater Panicled Sedge. Native.
P. VI, VII.
Boggy places. Occasional.
L. Crosby and Formby Marshes; Woods near Gill Moss
Chapel; Croxteth Park (D.). Eccleston (Rev. h ).
C. Between Oxton and Woodchurch ; Bidston Marsh (H.).
Noctorum (h.s.f.). Weaver Valley (j.f.r.). 1878, Banks of
S. U. Canal between Mollington Viaduct and Coughall ; Pond
between Clatterbridge and Thornton Hough (r.b.). Stoke.
i44
C. vulpina (L.). Fig. 683. Fox Sedge, Native. P. VI, VII.
Wet places. Frequent.
C. muricata ( L .). Fig. 68L Greater Prickly Sedge. Native. P.
V, VI.
Hedge banks and gravelly places. Occasional.
L. Hedge bank near West Derby (j.h.l.).
C. Near Frodshain (D.). Oxton (Rev. h.). Roadside E. of
Mollington Station; near Backford (LorddeT.). Hedge bank
between Greasby and Frankby ; between Alvanley and Horns
Mill ; Roadside between Capenhurst and Shotwick (f.m.w. ;
w.w.n. ; j.h.l.). Roadside at Storeton Hill ; Stanney ; Bank
of River Gowey one mile from Ince (r.b.). Willaston ; Road-
side N. E. of Ness (Dr. g.).
F. Shotwick Marsh (Dr. g.).
C. divulsa [Good.). Grey Sedge. Native. P. VI.
Moist shady places. Rare.
C. 1875, m lane between Gayton and the Windmill (f.m.w.).
C. echinata ( Murr .). Fig. 685. Little Prickly Sedge. Native. P.
VI.
(C. stellulatci {Good.).)
Boggy places. Occasional.
L. Crosby; Formby; Simmonswood Moss (D.). Warbreck
Moor (h.s.f.).
C. Bidston ; Wallasey (D.). Frodsham (j.f.r.). Raby
(h.s.f.). 1875, Heswall Hill (r.b.).
C. remota (L.). Fig. 686. Remote-Spiked Sedge. Native. P.
VI, VII.
Damp shady places. Frequent.
C. axillaris {Good.). Axillary-clustered Sedge. Native. P. VI.
Marshes. Occasional.
L. 1875, Lane leading N. from Tarbuck towards Halsnead
(R.B.).
C. Ditch at Ellesmere Port; Lane leading towards Ledsham
Station from the Hooton to Willaston main road ; Ditch near
Clatterbridge (r.b.). Ditch near Badger’s Rake (f.m.w.; &c.).
Goldworth Lane, Stanney ; Rake Lane near Dunham-on-the-
Hill (w.w.n. ; &c.) .
C. elongata (L.). Elongated Sedge. Native. P. VI, VII.
Boggy places. Rare.
L. About Warrington (D.). Dungeon Marsh (Rev. h.).
C. Bebington Heath (Rev. h.).
Note. — Recent records are desirable.
145
C. curta {Good.). White Sedge. Native. P. VI, VII.
Boggy places. Occasional.
L. Rainford Moss ; Pimbo Lane; Simmonswood Moss (D.).
1891, in a bog near Aintree (j.a.w.).
C. 1875, Swampy hollow one mile S.W. of Manley (r.b.).
Sutton Moss (Rev. h.). Frodsham (j.f.r.).
C. ovalis {Good.). Fig. 687. Oval-spiked Sedge. Native. P.
VI, VII.
Damp fields and other places. Frequent.
C. stricta {Good.). Tufted Sedge. Native. P. IV, V.
Damp places. Rare.
L. Great Crosby; Woods at Ormskirk (D.).
C. “ Wirral,” many years ago (h. c. Watson).
Note. — Recent records are desirable.
C. acuta (L.). Fig. 688. Slender-spiked Sedge. Native. P.
IV-VI.
Meadows and damp places. Rare.
L. Halewood ; Ditton (D.).
C. Banks of the River Mersey, near Runcorn (D.). Foot-
path from Oxton to Woodchurch ; Swampy ground near
Burton Rocks (f.m.w. ; LorddeT.). Shotwick ; Backford ; 1893,
near Mollington.
C. Goodenowii (/. Gay). Fig. 689. Goodenow’s Sedge. Native.
P. V-VII.
(C. vulgaris {Fries.).)
Heaths, &c. Occasional.
L. Crosby; Formby ; Southport (D.). Simmonswood Moss;
Parr Flat (j.h.l.). Billinge (r.b.).
C. Frequent in Wirral (D.). Bidston Heath (h.s.f.). Frod-
sham (j.f.r.).
C. glauca {Murr.). Fig. 690. Glaucous Heath Sedge. Native.
P. IV-VII.
{C.flacca {Schreb.).)
Meadows and damp places. Common.
C. pilulifera. Fig. 691. Round-headed Sedge. Native. P. V, VI.
Heaths and damp places. Occasional.
L. Crosby Marsh (D.). Simmonswood Moss (w.h.). Langs-
dale Wood, Rainhill (Rev. h.).
C. Oxton and Bidston Pleaths (D.) Bromborough (h.s.f.).
Near Raby Watermill (f.m.w.). N. slope of Helsby Hill
(j.h.l.). Heswall and Thurstaston Hills (r.b.).
146
C. praecox (Jacq.). Fig. 692. Vernal Sedge. Native. P. IV-VI.
(C. vtvna ( Chaix ).)
Heaths and damp places. Occasional.
L. Allerton (j.s.).
C. Bidston Heath (D.). Overton Hills (j.f.r.). Thurstaston
(h.s.f.). Near Raby Watermill; Banks of the Dell, near
Hooton Racing Stables (f. m. w.; r. b.).
C. pallesceits (L.). Pale Sedge. Native. P. VI, VII.
Woods and damp shady places. Rare.
L. Formby ; Crosby ; Southport ; between Rainford and
Pimbo Lane (D.). Ormskirk (h.s.f.). Huyton Quarry
(Rev. H.).
C. Dunham to Alvanley.
C. panicea ( L .). Fig. 693. Pink-leaved Sedge. Native. P. V, VI.
Meadows and damp places. Frequent.
C. pendula ( Huds .). Fig. 69L Great Pendulous Sedge. P. VI, VII.
Woods and damp shady places. Rare.
L. Between Croxteth Hall and Knowsley (D.). 1884, margin
of the lake in Ince Blundell Park, (?) introduced (r.b.).
C. Aston Wood (D.). Rocksavage (j.f.r.). Near Raby;
the Birkett ; Willaston.
Note. — Recent confirmation is needed for the Wirral stations.
C. strigosa (Huds.). Loose-spiked Wood Sedge. Native. P. V, VI.
Woods and damp shady places. Very rare.
L. Mill Wood, Hale (j.s.).
C. Formerly near Poulton Bridge (w.s.).
C. sylvatica (Huds.). Fig. 695. Pendulous Wood Sedge. Native.
P. VI, VII.
Damp woods and hedge banks. Frequent.
C. laevigata ( Sm .). Smooth-stalked Sedge. Native. P. VI, VII.
Woods and damp shady places. Rare.
L. Wood near Knowsley (D.). Huyton Quarry (Rev. h.).
Bath Wood, Ormskirk (t.w.).
C. Near Raby Watermill (f.m.w.).
C. binervis (Sm.). Green-ribbed Sedge. Native. P. IV-VI.
Heaths. Rare.
C. Oxton and Bidston (D.). S. side of Eastham Wood
(f.m.w.). Heswall Hill (r.b.).
Fig. 700. CAREX PSEUDO CYPERUS
Fig. 701. CAREX RIPARIA.
147
C. distans (L.). Fig. 696 Distant-spiked Sedge. Native. P.
VI, VII.
Marshy places. Occasional.
L. Dungeon Marsh ; Bank of River Alt, near Hightown
Station (r.b.).
C. Bidston Marsh (D.). Banks of the River Mersey between
Eastham Ferry and Ellesmere Port ; Brom borough Pool
(f. m. w. ; r. b.). Very large at head of Barnston Dale (Dr. g.).
F. Between Burton Point and Puddington on the marsh
(LorddeT.; f.m.w.), and extending to Shotwick Marsh (r.b.).
C. fulva (Good.). Tawny Sedge. Native. P. VI.
Marshy ground. Rare.
C. Near Raby Watermill (f.m.w.).
C. extensa (Good.). Fig. 697. Long-bracteated Sedge. Native.
P. VI, VII.
Salt marshes. Occasional.
L. Mouth of the River Alt; Southport (D.). Dungeon
Marsh (Rev. h.). Dingle shore (j.h.l.). Inside Walton Gaol
walls (j.a.w.).
C. Bromborough Pool (H.). Bidston Marsh (D.). Salt
marsh between Burton Point and Puddington (LorddeT.; f.m.w.).
1883, Macdona’s sea wall at West Kirby (r.b.).
b. pumila (Anders.).
1894, Southport (j.a.w.).
C. flava (L.). Fig. 698. Yellow Sedge. Native. P. V, VI.
Sandhills. Very rare.
L. 1899, Warbreck Moor (j.a.w.).
b. minor (Towns.).
C. Sandy road from Wallasey to the shore (LorddeT.).
c. lepidocarpa (Tansch.).
L. Among the sandhills between Crosby and Birkdale (r.b.).
C. 1883, Thurstaston Hill (r.b.).
C. (Ederi ( Ehrh .). CEder’s Sedge. Native. P. VI, VII.
Damp sandy places. Rare.
L. 1876, Sandy field by Headbolt Lane, between Ainsdale
and Formby Hall (r.b.). 1892, Walton; 1893, Southport
(j.a.w.).
C. 1875, Sandy road from Wallasey to the shore (LorddeT.).
148
C. hirta (L.). Fig. 699. Hairy Sedge. Native. P. VI, VII.
Damp places. Occasional.
L. Hightown (r.b.). Speke; Skelmersdale,
C. Storeton Hill; Bidston ; Bromborough (D.). Great
Meols (j.h.l.). Near Shotwick ; Backford ; Heath Lane,
Stoke (Dr. G.).
C. Pscudo=cyperus (L.). Fig. 700. Cyperus-like Sedge. Native.
P. VI, VII.
Ponds and ditches. Frequent.
C. paludosa (Good.). Lesser Pond Sedge. Native. P. V, VI.
Damp places. Very rare.
L. 1885, Akers Lane, near Lydiate (r.b.).
C. Upton Meadows (D.). Weaver Valley.
C. riparla (Curtis). Fig. 701. Greater Pond Sedge. Native. P.
V, VI.
Ditches and streams. Frequent.
C. rostrata (Stokes). Fig. 702. Bottle Sedge. Native. P. V, VI.
(C. ampullacea (Good.).)
Ponds and ditches. Rare.
L. Allerton (j.s.). Ormskirk (h.s.f.). Ditches between
Formby and Haskayne (r.b.).
F. 1894, Nant-y-Flint (Dr. g.).
C. vesicaria ( L .). Fig. 703. Bladder Sedge. Native. P. V, VI.
Damp places. Very rare.
L. Between Runcorn and Warrington (D.).
C. By Rake Lane, one mile from Dunham-on-the-Hill
(f. M. W.; w. w. N.).
Authority for Car ex — Arthur Bennett.
GRAMINEiE.
Pan i cum (L.).
P. sanguinale. Fig. 704.
L. 1872, Ballast at Liverpool (j.h.l.). 1898, as a casual on
new embankment N. of Southport (j.a.w.).
C. 1900, Hedge bank, W. of Mount Wood, Prenton (Mrs. w.).
P. Crus*galli (L.). Fig. 705. Loose Panic Grass. Alien. A. VII.
L. By the canal at Aintree, annually (j.a.w.).
C. As a casual about Birkenhead Docks.
Fig. 707. PHALARIS CANARIENSIS.
Fig. 708. PHALARIS PARADOXA.
Fig. 709. PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA.
Fig. 710. ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM.
I49
Setaria {Pal. de Beauv.). Bristle Grass.
S. viridis (. Beam .). Fig . 706. Green Bristle Grass. Casual. A.
VII, VIII.
L. 1874, Sefton Park (h.s.f.). Bootle and Aintree (j.a.w.).
C. Frodsham (j.f.r.). 1871, Birkenhead Docks (r.b.).
1899, Bank at Hooton Station (Dr. g.).
S. glauca ( Beam .). Glaucous Bristle Grass. Alien. A. IX.
L. 1874, as a casual in Sefton Park (h.s.f.). Bootle and
Aintree (j.a.w.).
Phalaris ( L .) Reed Grass.
P. canariensfs (A.). Fig. 707. Canary Grass. Alien. A. VII.
As a casual in waste places near houses. Occasional.
L. 1901, waste ground in Calderstones Park, Liverpool (Dr. g.).
C. Oxton ; Bidston ; Wallasey; Irby; Grange Hill ; Hoy-
lake ; Heswall (Dr. g.).
P. paradoxa (A.). Fig. 708. Alien.
L. 1890, on Aintree canal banks (j.a.w.).
C. Has been found as a casual at Birkenhead Docks.
1890, at Grange (r.b.).
var. minor {Retz.).
L. 1891, on Aintree canal bank (j.a.w.).
P. arundinacea (A.) Fig. 709. Reed Canary Grass. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Ponds and ditches. Common.
Anthoxanthum (A.).
A. odoratum (A.). Fig. 710. Sweet-scented Vernal Grass. Native.
P. V, VI.
Woods and fields. Very common.
A. Puelii {Lee. and Lam.). Alien.
C. Has been found as a casual about the docks at Seacombe.
Alopecurus {L.). Fox-tail Grass.
A. agrestis (A.). Slender Fox-tail Grass. Native. A. V-VII. •
Fields and waste places. Occasional.
L. Crosby; Formby ; Southport (D.). 1874, about the
railway siding at Hightown Station (r.b.).
C. About Grange Landmark (D.).
I5°
A. geniculatus (L.). Fig. 711. Bent Fox-tail Grass. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
Marshy places. Common.
A. pratensis (L.). Fig. 712. Meadow Fox-tail Grass. Native.
P. V-VII.
Fields and hedge banks. Common.
Milium ( L .). Millet.
M. effusum (L.). Fig. 713. Millet Grass. Native. P. VI, VII.
Damp woods and shady places. Occasional.
L. Speke (W.). Old Hut, Hale (j.s.). Bath Wood, Orms-
kirk (t.w.).
C. Weaver Valley (j.f.r.). Eastham (D.). 1875, Wood in
Hooton Park, bordering where the Ship Canal now is (f.m.w. ;
R.B.).
Phleum ( L .).
P. pratense (L.). Fig. 71$. Cat’s-tail Grass. Native. P.
VI, VII.
Meadows and hedge banks. Common.
bc. TtoUniflrmn'iBab.). } Have been observed but not localised.
P. arenarium ( L .). Fig. 715. Sea-side Cat’s-tail Grass. Native.
A. VI, VII.
The sandhills from the R. Dee to Southport. Common.
Agrostis (L.). Bent Grass.
A. canina (L.). Fig. 716. Brown Bent Grass. Native. P.
VI, VII.
Moors, &c. Common.
A. alba ( L .). Marsh Bent Grass. Native. P. VII, VIII.
Meadows and damp places. Common.
b. stolonifera (L.).
L. Damp depressions among the sandhills ; and on the
shore at Garston (j.s.).
c. maritima ( Miy .).
L. 1897, Southport (j.a.w.).
C. 1893, Wallasey sandhills (Dr. g.).
d. coavctata {. Hoffm .).
L. 1896, Southport ; 1897, Ainsdale (j.a.w.).
Fig. 714.
PHLEUM PRATENSE.
Fig. 715.
PHLEUM ARENARIUM.
Fig. 517. AGROSTIS VULGARIS.
Fig. 718. POLYPOGON MONSF ELI ENSIS.
A. vulgaris (With.). Fig. 717. Fine Bent Grass. Native. P.
VI, VII.
Meadows and hedge banks. Common.
Polypogon ( Desf .).
P. monspeliensis ( Desf '.). Fig. 718. Annual Beard Grass. Casual.
A. VI, VII.
Salt Marshes. Rare.
C. 1871, Birkenhead ballast (r.b.).
Calamagrostis ( Adlans .). Small-reed.
C. epigeios (Roth.). Fig. 719. Wood Small-reed. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
(Arundo epigeios , (A.).)
Damp wood and hedges. Occasional.
L. Claybanks of the Mersey at Otterspool and Aigburth (H.).
Kirkby (j.h.l., &c.). Bath Wood, Ormskirk (t.w.).
C. Eastham (D.). 1875, Fitch a short distance inland
between Heswall Point and Dawpool (r.b.).
C. lanceolate (Roth.). Purple-flowered Small Reed. Native. P.
VI, VII.
(Arundo calamagrostis (L.).)
Damp woods and hedges. Rare.
L. Bath Wood, Ormskirk (t.w.). Southport (j.g.).
Apera (A dans). Wind Grass.
A. Spica«=venti (Beauv.). Fig. 720. Spreading Wind Grass. Casual.
A. VI, VII.
L. 1901, Ballast at Aintree (j.a.w.).
C. Near the Birkenhead Docks (D.).
Ammophila (Host.).
A. arundinacea (Host.). Fig. 721. Sea Reed. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
(Psamma avenaria).
On the sandhills from the R. Dee to Southport. Common.
Frequently planted in order that its roots may fix the sand.
Aira (L.). Hair Grass.
A. caryophyllea (L.). Fig. 722. Silvery Hair Grass. Native. P.
VI, VII.
Dry gravelly and heathy places. Common.
152
A. praecox (L.) Fig. 723. Early Hair Grass. Native. P. V.
Dry banks, &c. Common.
Deschampsia ( Btauv .). Aira (L.).
D. caespitosa {Btauv.). Fig. 725. Tufted Hair Grass. Native.
P. VI, VII.
Woods, &c. Common.
D. flexuosa ( Trin .). Fig. 725. Waved Hair Grass. Native. P.
VI-VIII.
Dry woods and heaths. Frequent.
Holcus (L.). Soft Grass.
H. mollis (L.). Creeping Soft Grass. Native. P. VII, VIII.
Woods and meadows. Common.
H. lanatus (L.). Fig. 726. Meadow Soft Grass. Native. P.
VI, VII.
Meadows. Common.
Trisetum ( Ptrs .). Avena (L.).
T. flavescens {Beauv.). Fig. 727. Yellow Oat Grass. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Dry fields and hedge banks. Rare in L. Occasional in C.
L. 1877, Mersey Road, Aigburth (r.b.).
C. About Frodsham and Runcorn; New Brighton (D.).
Heswall shore; roadside between Hooton Station and Wil-
laston (r.b.). Willaston ; Ledsham ; Shotwick ; Little Store-
ton (Dr. G-).
Avena (L.). Oat.
A. pubescens ( L .). Downy Oat. Native. P. V, VI.
Fields and hedge banks. Rare.
L. Knot’s Hole, Dingle (j.s.).
C. Near Seacombe ; Hilbre (H.). West Kirby (Miss c. g.).
A. strigosa {Schreb.). Bristle-pointed Oat. Alien. A. VI, VII.
Cornfields. Rare.
Note. — Recent records are desirable.
A. fatua (L.). Fig. 728. Wild Oat. Denizen. A. VI-VIII.
Corn fields. Rare.
L. Hale; Formby (D.). 1901, Ballast at Aintree (j.a.w.).
Fig. 721.
AMMOPHILA ARUNDINACEA.
Fig. 722.
AIRA CARYOPHYLLEA. .
Fig. 724.
DESCHAMPSIA C/ESPITOSA.
Fig. 725.
DESCHAMPSIA FLEXUOSA.
Fig. 723.
AIRA PR/ECOX.
Fig. 726.
HOLCUS LANATUS.
Fig. 727.
TRISETUM FLAVESCENS.
Fig. 728. AVENA FATUA.
I53
Arrhenatherum (Pal. de Beauv.). Oat Grass.
A. avenaceum (Beauv.). Fig. 729. False Oat Grass. Native. P.
VI, VII.
Meadows and hedge banks. Common.
b. nodosum (Reichb.).
Is occasionally met with.
Sieglingia ( Triodia , R. Br.).
S. decumbens (Bernh.). Fig. 730. Decumbent Heath Grass.
Native. P. VII, VIII.
Dry fields and heaths. Frequent.
Phragmites (Tvin.). Reed.
P. communis ( Trin .). Fig. 731. Great Reed. Native. P. VII,
VIII.
Ponds and marshes. Common.
(Arundo Phragmites (L.).)
Cynosurus (L.).
C. cristatus (L.). Fig. 732. Crested Dog’s-tail Grass. Native.
P. VI-VIII.
Meadows and hedge banks. Common.
C. echinatus (L.). Fig. 733. Prickly Dog’s-tail Grass. Casual.
Native in the Channel Isles.
L. 1874, Ullet Road, Sefton Park (r.b.). 1901, Ballast at
Aintree (j.a.w.).
C. 1894, as a casual at Heswall (r.b.). 1896, Thurstaston
(Dr. G.).
Koeleria (Pets.).
K. cristata (Pers.). Crested Hair Grass. Colonist. P. VI, VII.
Meadows and hedge banks. Very rare.
L. Aintree (h.s.f.). Recent confirmation is desirable.
Molinia (Mcench.).
M. coerulea (Mcench.). Fig. 735. Purple Heath Grass. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
(M. varia (Schrank).)
Heaths. Frequent.
vars. : major (Bab.) and breviramosa (Pam.).
L. 1897, as casuals, Simmonswood Moss (j.a.w.).
154
Catabrosa {Pal. <h Beanv.).
C. aquatics {Btauv.). Fig. 735. Water Whorl Grass. Native. P.
V, VII.
Ponds and marshy places. Occasional.
L. Crosby ; Formby (D.). Stream, St. Michael’s Hamlet
(h.s.f.). Ditches inland of Ainsdale ; Ditches between Birk-
dale and Halsall (r.b.).
C. Langflelds, West Kirby (Dr. G.). 1891, Helsby Marsh.
b. littoralis (Pam.).
C. Parkgate Shore (W.). Damp places along sandy sea shores.
Melica (L.).
M. uaiflora (A.). Fig. 736. Wood Melic Grass. Native. P.
V-VII.
Woods and shady places. Occasional.
L. Between Lytham and Blythe Hall, near Ormskirk (W.).
Ince ; Croxteth (D.). N. W. slope of Billinge Beacon (r.b.).
Dean Wood, Upholland (Dr. g.).
C. Bidston ; Eastham (D.). Prenton (h.s.f.). Frodsham ;
Rock Savage Woods (j.f.r.).
Dactyl is (B.).
D. glomerata (A.). Fig. 737. Rough Cock’s-foot Grass. Native.
P. VI, VII.
Meadows and hedge banks. Very common.
Briza (B.). Quaking Grass.
B. media (B.). Fig. 738. Quaking Grass. Native. P. VI, VII.
Dry fields and hedge banks. Common.
Poa (L.). Meadow Grass.
P. annua (B.). Fig. 739. Annual Meadow Grass. Native. A.
IV-IX.
Meadows and waste places. Very common.
P. nemoralis (B.). Wood Meadow Grass. Native. P. VI, VII.
Woods. Rare.
L. Near Warrington (w. Wilson).
C. Hooton Park (j.s.).
P. compressa (B.). Flat-stemmed Meadow Grass. Casual. P.
VI-VIII.
Walls and hedge banks. Very rare.
L. 1864, Parkfield (h.s.f.). 1902, Walls in Walton Gaol
(j.A.W.).
Fig. 731. PHRAGMITES COMMUNIS.
Fig. 732. CYNOSURUS CRISTATUS
Fig. 735.
CATABROSA AQUATICA.
Fig. 736. MELiCA UNIFLORA.
Fig 737. DACTYLIS GLOMERATA.
i55
c. polynoda (Pam.).
C. 1863, about new made roads at Birkenhead (h.s.f.).
Between Parkgate and Leighton Hall (f.m.w.).
Note. — Probably introduced with ballast.
P. pratensis (L.). Fig. 740. Smooth-stalked Meadow Grass.
Native. P. VI, VII.
Meadows and hedge banks. Common.
b. sub-ccerulea (Sm.).
Common on the sandhills from the R. Dee to Southport.
P. palustris (L.).
1901, Aintree, as a casual (j.a.w.).
P. trivialis (L.). Fig. 741. Roughish Meadow Grass. Native.
P. VI, VII.
Meadows and roadsides. Common.
Glyceria ( R . By.) -f- Sclerochloa (Beauv.).
G. fluitans ( R . Br.). Fig. 742. Floating Meadow Grass. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
Ponds and marshy places. Common.
G. plicata (Fries.). Branched Floating Meadow Grass. Native.
P. VII.
b. pedicillata (Towns.).
Ponds and marshy places. Frequent.
L. Canal bank between Bootle and Litherland (f.m.w.).
C. Frodsham (j.f.r.) Pond between Prenton and Wood-
church (r.b.). Half to one mile S. of Parkgate (LorddeT.; f.m.w,).
Bidston Ford (Dr. g.).
F. Marsh below Shotwick (Dr. g.).
G. aquatica (Sm.). Fig. 743. Reed Meadow Grass. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Marshes. Occasional.
L. Southport (D.). N. E. of Garston (j.h.l.). Dungeon
Marsh (Rev. h.). Ince Blundell (h.s.f.). Canal bank between
Bootle and Litherland ; at intervals to Aintree ; outlet of a
stream on the shore at Speke (f.m.w.). Canal banks at
Maghull and extending beyond Lydiate (r.b.).
C. In a large pond near Rock Savage (D.). 1877, Banks of
S. U. Canal below Backford (r.b.).
F. Marsh and dykes below Shotwick ; Marsh below Blacon
Point (Dr. G.).
156
G. maritima (Wahl.). Creeping Sea Meadow Grass. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Frequently met with along the sea coast and river estuaries in
L. and C.
G. distans (Wahl.). Reflexed Meadow Grass. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Damp sandy places. Occasional.
L. Kirkdale (h.s.f.).
C. Bidston Marsh; Tranmere Shore (H.). 1894, Leasowe
(R.B.).
Festuca (L.) -f- Sclerochloa (Beauv.).
F. procumbens (Kunth.). Fig. 744. Procumbent Sea Meadow
Grass. Native. A. VI, VII.
Salt Marshes. Rare.
L. Canal between Sandhills Bridge and Miller’s Bridge (D.).
C. About Birkenhead Docks (h.s.f.). 1894, Leasowe (r.b.).
F. rigida (Kunth.). Fig. 745. Hard Meadow Grass. Native. A.
VI, VII.
Damp sandy places. Occasional.
L. Formby; Southport (D.).
C. New Brighton (H.). Eastbam (D.). Heswall near the
shore (f.m.w.). Behind Leasowe Embankment (Dr. g.).
F. loliacea (Huds.). Dwarf Wheat Meadow Grass. Native. A.
VI, VII.
Sandy shores. Very rare.
C. Near Parkgate (D.).
F. uniglumis (Soland). Fig. 746. Single-glumed Fescue Grass.
Native. A. VI, VII.
Sandhills. Occasional.
L. Crosby ; Formby to Southport (D.).
C. Wallasey (H.).
F. myurus (L.). Fig. 747. Barren Fescue Grass. Native. A.
VII, VIII.
Walls and sandy places. Rare.
L. Crosby; Formby (D.).
C. Frequent in Wirral (D.). Claughton (h.s.f.). Irby
Mill Hill (Dr. G.).
F. sciuroides (Roth.). Fig. 748. Slender Fescue Grass. Native.
A. VII, VII.
Sandy places. Occasional.
C. About Bidston ; Caldy ; Poole Hall (Dr. g.).
Fig. 741. POA TRIVIALIS.
Fig. 742.
GYLCERIA FLUITANS.
Fig. 745.
FESTUCA RIGIDA
Fig. 746.
FESTUCA UNIGLUMIS.
Fig. 747
FESTUCA MYURUS.
Fig. 748.
FESTUCA SCIUROIDES
Fig. 749
FESTUCA OVINA.
i57
F. ovina (L.). Fig. 749. Sheep’s Fescue Grass. Native. P.
VI-VIII.
Meadows, sandy places, especially along the foreshores.
Common.
F. rubra (L.). Fig. 750. Creeping Fescue Grass. Native. P.
VI, VII.
Meadows and sandhills. Frequent.
b. arenaria ( Osb .).
Common on the sandhills.
F. fallax ( Th .). Meadow Fescue Grass. Native. P. VI, VII.
Meadows and damp places. Common.
F. elatior (L.). Fig. 751. Tall Fescue Grass. Native. P.
VI, VII.
River banks and damp places. Occasional.
L. Otterspool; Garston ; Speke; Hale (D.). Bath Wood,
Ormskirk (t.w.).
C. Egremont (H.). Rock Ferry (D.). Claybanks, Parkgate
(h.s.f.). Mollington ; Shotwick (Dr. g.).
Bromus ( L .).
B. giganteus (L.). Fig. 752. Tall Bearded Brome Grass. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
Damp woods and shady places. Frequent.
B. asper ( Muvr .). Fig. 753. Hairy Wood Brome Grass. Native.
A. or P. VI, VII.
( B . ramosus ( Finds .).)
Damp woods and shady places. Frequent.
B. maximus ( Desf .). Great Brome Grass. Casual. P. VII.
C. 1871, on Birkenhead ballast (j.h.l.).
Note. — Native in the Channel Isles.
B. laaceolatus {Roth.).
C. 1871, as a casual on Birkenhead ballast (j.h.l.).
B. sterilis {L.). Fig. 754. Barren Brome Grass. Native. A.
VI, VII.
Meadows and hedge banks. Common.
B. secalinus {L.). Smooth Rye Brome Grass. Colonist. A. or B.
VI, VII.
Cornfields. Occasional (D.).
L. Canal bank between Bootle and Litherland (r.b.). Corn-
158
field between Walton and Fazakerley (f.m.w.). Waste ground
at S. end of Liverpool (j.h.l.).
C. By the S. U. Canal three-quarter mile N. E. of Mollington
Bridge (Lord de T.; F.M.W.) .
B. racemosus (L.). Smooth Brome Grass. Native. A. or B.
VI, VII.
Fields and hedge banks. Rare.
L. Cornfields at Litherland (w.s.). 1901, Canal banks,
Aintree (j.a.w.).
B. commatatus ( Schvad .). Tumid Field Brome Grass. Native.
A. or B. VI, VII.
Fields and hedge banks. Frequent.
L. Crosby (r.b. ; j.h.l.).
B. mollis (L.). Fig. 755. Soft Brome Grass. Native. A. or B.
VI-VIII.
Meadows and roadsides. Very common.
B. arvensis (L.). Taper Field Brome Grass. Alien. A. VII, VIII.
Cornfields and waste places. Very rare.
L. Formby (D.). 1901, Canal banks at Aintree (j.a.w.).
C. 1849, near Birkenhead Docks (D.).
B. unioloides ( Kunth .).
L. 1897, as a casual at Aintree (j.a.w.).
C. 1893, at Birkenhead (j.a.w.).
Brachypodium ( Beauv .).
B. sylvaticDm (Roem et S.). Fig. 756. Slender False Brome Grass.
Native. P. VI, VII.
( B . gracile (Beauv.).)
Woods and hedge banks. Common.
Lolium ( L .). Rye Grass.
L. perenne (L.). Fig. 757. Perennial Rye Grass. Native. P.
VI-VIII.
Fields and waste places. Very common.
c. multiflorum (Lam.).)
- Have been observed in the district.
d. avistatum (Sc hum.). )
c. italicum (Bvaun.). Is commonly sown for hay in our district.
Fig. 753. BROMUS ASPER.
Fig. 756.
8RACHYPODIUM SYLVATICUM.
Fig. 757.
LOLIUM PERENNE.
Fig. 758.
LOLIUM TEMULENTUM.
I59
L. temulentum (L.). Fig. 758. Darnel. (?) native. A. VI, VII.
Cornfields and the borders of fields. Occasional.
L. The type form in waste ground, Seven Pits, Walton
(j.A.W.).
b. arvense ( With .) is the form most commonly met with.
Agropyron (/. Gaert.). Triticum ( L .). Wheat or Couch Grass.
A. caninum ( Beauv .). Fibrous-rooted Wheat. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Woods and hedge banks. Very rare.
L. Southport (D.). Roadside near Ormskirk (j.g.). Speke
(Miss c. G-).
C. 1873, Woodhouses near Frodsham (j.f.r.).
A. repens ( Beauv .). Fig. 759. Creeping Couch Grass. Native.
P. VI-VIII.
Fields and waste places. Frequent.
A. pungens ( R . and S.). Erect Sea Couch Grass. Native. P. VII.
Sea shores. Very rare.
C. 1874, on the shore a short distance N. of the Limekiln at
Parkgate (Lord de T.).
A. acutum (. R . and S.). Fig. 760. Decumbent Sea Couch Grass.
Native. P. VII, VIII.
Sandy seashores. Rare.
L. 1873, Sandy ground between Little Brighton and
Waterloo; N. of the Promenade at Southport (j.h.l.). Sand-
hills at Seaforth (f.m.w.).
C. 1873, Wallasey Sandhills (f.m.w.). 1875, Sandy ground
at Heswall Point (r.b.).
F. 1894, Foreshore below Flint Castle (Dr. g.).
A. junceum [Beauv.). Fig. 761. Rushy Sea Wheat. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Sandhills from the River Dee to Southport. Common.
Lepturus [R. Br.).
L. filiformis (Tvin). Fig. 762. Sea Hard Grass. Native. A.
VI-VIII.
Salt marshes.
L. Fidler’s Ferry; Ditton Marsh (h.s.f.). 1876, Marsh
fields, near the Decoy, Hale (r.b.). Between Otterspool and
Garston (D.). 1893, Crossens (j.a.w.).
C. Between Tranmere and Rock Ferry (D.). Parkgate
(Rev. h ). 1876, River bank, near Heswall Point (r.b.).
i6o
b. incurvatus ( Trin .).
Is occasionally found as a ballast plant (r.b.).
Nardus (L.).
N. stricta (L.). Fig. 763. Mat Grass. Native. P. VI, VII.
Moors and heaths. Frequent.
Hordeum (L.). Barley.
H. sylvaticum (. Huds .). Wood Barley. Native. P. VI, VII.
Woods and shady places. Very rare.
L. Bathwood, Ormskirk (t.w.).
Note. — Recent confirmation is desirable.
H. pratense [Huds.). Fig. 765. Meadow Barley. Native. A.
VII, VIII.
{H. seccilinum (, Schreb .).)
Damp meadows. Occasional.
L. Ditton Marsh (h.s.f.). Meadow by the River Alt near
Formby Lighthouse; Fields about the Decoy, Hale (r b.).
C. Bidston Marsh (H.). Near Seacombe ; Tranmere Pool;
Bromborough (D.). Frodsham Marsh (j.f.r.). Margin of
Plorns Mill Pool, near Helsby (f.m.w. ; w.w.n.). 1880,
between Ince and Ellesmere Port ; 1883, between Hoylake
and Newton (r.b.). Near Bebington ; Bidston Ford; Lea-
sowe ; Willaston (Dr. g.).
F. Near the Higher Ferry (Dr. g.).
H. murinum (L.). Fig. 765. Wall Barley. Native. A. VI-VIII.
Waste places. Frequent.
H. maritimum (With.). Sea-side Barley. Casual. A. VI, VII.
Marshy places near the coast. Very rare.
C. On West Kirby shore (Dr. g.).
Ely mus (L.).
E. arenarius (L.). Fig. 766. Upright Sea Lyme Grass. Native.
P. VI-VIII.
Sandhills. Occasional.
L. Southport (D.). Sandhills N. of Blundellsands (r.b.).
C. Hoylake (j.h.l.). Macdona’s sea-wall at West Kirby,
stated to have been planted there (r.b.).
Authority for Graminece, Professor E. Haeckel.
Fig. 761.
AGROPYRON JUNCEUM.
Fig. 763.
NARDUS STRICTA.
Fig. 764.
HORDEUM PRATENSE.
Fig. 765.
HORDEUM MURINUM.
i6i
Class III. — CRYPTOGAME^E.
FILICES.
Pteris (Roth.). Bracken.
P. aquilina ( L .). Fig. 767. Bracken or Brake Fern. Native.
P. VII.
Woods and heathy places. Common.
Lo maria (Willd.). Hard Fern.
L. Spicant (Desv.). Fig. 768. Northern Hard Fern. Native.
P. VII.
(Blechnum boveale (Sw.).)
Woods and heathy places. Occasional.
L. Simmonswood ; Dungeon ; Kirkby.
C. Eastham ; Bidston. Woods at Raby Mere; Barnston
Dale ; by Chester Road, E. of Neston (Dr. g.).
Asplenium (L.). Spleenwort.
A. Adiantum=n!grum (L.). Fig. 769. Black-stalked Spleenwort.
Native. P. VI-IX.
Rocks and walls. Occasional.
L. Kirkby (H.). Old wall near Sefton Church ; New Hut,
Hale ; Old stone wall behind Billinge Beacon ; Tawd Bridge,
Lathom (D.).
C. About Eastham (H.). About Rock Ferry; Old wall
about ioo yards beyond Bidston Church (D.). Woodhouses
and Overton (j.f.r.). Lane at Higher Tranmere (h.s.f.).
Near Backford (Lord de t.; f.m.w.). 1899, Spital Lane, just
above Raby Mere (mus w.).
Note. — Almost extinct from the above stations.
A. marinum (L.). Fig. 770. Sea Spleenwort. Native. P. VI-X.
Maritime rocks. Rare.
L. Dingle rocks (H.). Seen as recently as 1895 (w.p.t.),
(?) extinct.
C. Hilbre (H.), there in 1901. Bromborough Pool ; West
Kirby; Runcorn (D.). Woodhouses, very sparingly (j.f.r.).
1900, “ Cheshire side of the River Mersey” (w.p.t.).
i62
A. Trichomanes (L.). Fig. 771. Wall Spleenwort. Native. P.
V-X.
Rocks and walls. Rare.
L. Old stone wall near Cross Keys, Upholland ; Tawd
Bridge, Lathom Park (D.).
C. Wall at Ince (j.f.r.). Railway Station at Ince (r.b.).
1901, “within two miles of Burton Point” (w.p.t.).
A. Ruta=muraria (L.). Ftg. 772. Wall-rue Spleenwort. Native.
P. V-IX,
Old walls. Occasional.
JL. Wavertree ; Halsall ; Croxteth garden walls (w.p.t.).
C. Old walls at Backford (Dr. g.). 1892, Bebington ; 1895,
Red Noses, New Brighton (w.p.t.).
A. lanceolatum (Finds.) was recorded from “near Wallasey Wind-
mill” about 1855 (w.p.t.).
Athyrium (Roth.). Lady Fern.
A. filix foemina (Roth.), Fig. 773. Lady Fern. Native. P.
VI, VII.
Woods and damp shady places. Frequent.
L. Kirkby.
C. Woods at Bidston ; Barnston Dale; Thurstaston ; Burton.
Scolopendrium (Sm.). Hart’s Tongue.
S. volgare (Symons). Fig. 774. Hart’s Tongue Fern. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
Damp and shady places. Occasional.
L. Hale ; Dungeon.
C. Great Meols ; Shotwick. 1897, Wall on roadside at Spital;
1898, copse N.E. of Ashfield Hall, Neston ; 1900, N. end of
Dibbinsdale (Dr. g.).
F. Mostyn ; Ffynnon Groew (r.b.).
Cystopteris (Bernh.). Brittle Bladder Fern.
C. fragilis (BernJt.). Brittle Bladder Fern. Colonist. P. VII, VIII.
C. About 1890, several roots in the crevices of the stone
platform at Ince Station. Probably introduced with the lime
used for the mortar (r.b.).
Fig. 774. SCOLOPENDRIUM VULGARE.
Fig. 775.
POLYSTICHUM LOEATUM.
b. Aculeatum.
Polystichum (Roth.).
P. lobatom ( Presl .). Soft Prickly Shield Fern. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Hedge banks. Rare.
L. Near Knowsley (D.). Burton Wood near Warrington
(J.F.R.).
C. Near Bromborough Pool (D.).
b. aculeatum (Syme). Fig. 775.
Woods and shady places. Occasional.
L. Dean Wood, Upholland.
P. angnlare (Newm.). Fig. 776. Angular-leaved Prickly Shield
Fern. Native. P. VII, VIII.
Woods and shady places. Occasional.
L. Hedges about Fazakerley and Sefton (D.). Burton Wood,
Warrington (j.f.r.).
C. Wood at Bromborough (D.). In woods at Frodsham,
Bradley, Sutton, Aston and Rock Savage (j.f.r.). In lane
leading from Prenton towards Woodchurch ; in fields between
Noctorum and Woodchurch ; Lane near Hargreave Hall ;
Lane from Thurstaston towards the river; about one mile E.
of Shotwick ; Lane between Gayton and Backwood ; between
canal bridge at Ellesmere Port and the shore at Stanlow (r.b.).
Lane E. from Burton to the Marsh; In coombs, &c., near the
shore from Dawpool to Heswall ; Wood S. of Mollington
(Dr. g.; MissW.). Roadside below Anchor Inn, Irby (Dr. g.).
Lastrsea (Presl.). Shield Fern.
L. Oreopteris (Presl.). Fig. 777. Heath Shield Fern. Sweet
Mountain Fern. Native. P. VII, VIII.
Heathy places. Occasional.
L. Sandy lanes near Simmonswood Moss ; Crosby ; Hedges
at Rainhill ; between Lathom and Skelmersdale ; Formby (D.).
C. Shady lanes about Netherton (H.). Sandy lanes near
Oxton and Bidston Hills; West Kirby (D.). Overton Hills
(j.f.r.). Thurstaston towards Frankby ; 1901, by ponds at
corner of Chester and Burton Roads (h.b.w.).
L. Filix-mas (Presl.). Fig. 778. Blunt Shield Fern. Male Fern.
Native. P. VI, VII.
Woods and shady places. Common.
L. spinulosa (Presl.). Fig. 779. Prickly-toothed Shield Fern.
Native. P. VIII, IX.
Woods and damp places. Rare.
L. Hedges about Mossley Hill and Rainhill (D.).
164
C. Abundant in Stanney Wood (f.m.w. ; &c-). 1877, Wood
near Dunkirk, S. of Capenhurst ; on sandstone rocks by Ince
Station (r.b.). 1898, copse in Hooton Park; 1899, Woods near
the crossing of Chester and Burton Roads (Dr. g.).
L. dilatata ( Pvesl .). Fig. 780. Sharp-toothed Shield Fern. Native.
P. VIII, IX.
Woods and shady places. Common.
Polypodium (L.). Polypody.
P. vulgare (L.). Fig. 781. Polypody. Native. P. VIII-X.
Walls and hedge banks. Common.
Phegopteris ( Presl .).
P. Dryopteris (Fee.). Fig. 782. Oak Fern. Native. P. VI, VII.
(Polypodium dryopteris).
Dry shady places. Rare.
L. Rocky bank near the “ Cross Keys,” Upholland Hill (D.).
C. Ince (j.f.r.). Among the crevices between the stones
forming the platform on the S. side of Ellesmere Port Station
(f.m.w. ; R.B.).
Note. — Recent records are desirable.
P. polypodioides (Fee.). Fig. 783. Beech Fern. Native. P.
VII-IX.
(Poly podium phegopteris).
Damp shady places. Rare.
L. Steep bank near Carr Mill Dam, St. Helens (D.).
C. Side of lane on the way to Heswall Hill from Claughton
(Miss c. g.).
Note. — Recent confirmation is required.
Osmunds ( L .). Royal Fern.
0. regalis (L.). Fig. 78$. Flowering Fern. Royal Fern. Native.
P. VII-IX.
Boggy heaths and ditches. Rare.
L. Clegg’s ponds, Allerton ; near Southport ; Sutton Moss ;
Simmonswood Moss (D.). Burton Wood, Warrington (j.f.r.).
Ditch between Lydiate and Altcar ; Roadside between Mill
Lane, Aughton, and Downholland (r.b.J. Parr Flat ; Brushey
Lane, near Rainford Junction (j.h.l.).
C. Bog near Frodsham (j.f.r.). 1886, Wimbolds Trafford
(r.h.d.). Raby (Field club). 1878, abundant by ponds and
ditches between Ness and the Chester Road (c.f.c.).
Note. — Frequent search in the Wirral stations has failed to find it down
to 1901 (Dr. G.).
Fig. 778. LASTR/EA FILIX MAS.
Fig. 779.
LASTR/EA SPINULOSA.
Ophioglossum ( L .). Adder’s Tongue.
0. vulgatum (A.). Fig. 785. Adder’s Tongue. Native. P. V, VI.
Pastures. Occasional.
L. Near Crosby; Croxteth Park; Sutton Moss (D.). San-
key and Fidler’s Ferry, both near Warrington (j.f.r.).
Knowsley Park (Dr. w.). Banks of River Alt, between High-
town and Altcar (f.a.). Below Lydiate (Missw.).
C. Eastham (Field club). Weaver Valley (j.f.r.). Bidston
Marsh (D.). Leasowe to Hoylake, abundantly (Miss w.).
Langfields, West Kirby (a.k.b.). Between Gayton and
Heswall Hill (r.b.). S. slope of Bidston Hill; Valley of the
Fender, below Storeton ; Field in Shot wick Dale; by Ponds
N. of Ness (Dr. G.).
Botrychium (Sw.). Moonwort.
B. Lunaria (Sw.). Fig. 786. Moonwort. Native. P. V-VII.
Pastures. Occasional.
L. Allerton ; Southport (D.).
C. Overton Hills (j.f.r.). 1875, on S.E. slope of Heswall
Hill (e.d. ; r.b.). 1886, Field at Gt. Meols ; Leasowe ; Links
at Hoylake (Missw.).
EQUISETACEAE.
Equisetum (L.). Horse-tail.
E. maximum (Lam.). Fig. 787. Great Horse-tail. Native. P. IV.
Damp places. Occasional.
L. About the Decoy, Hale (D.). Dungeon (h.s.f.). About
Speke (r.b.). Between Thornton and Sefion (f.m.w.). Hals-
nead (Miss m. l. h.).
C. Rock Savage and Helsby (j.f.r.). Hedge bank between
Great Meols and Newton ; between Noctorum and Wood-
church ; W. bank of Bromborough Pool, between Spital and
Bebington ; Plantation E. of Grange (r.b.).
F. Mostyn to Ffynnon Groew (r.b.). At Blacon Point
(Dr. G.).
E. arvense (L.). Fig. 788. Corn Horse-tail. Native. P. IV.
Fields and waste places. Very common.
E. sylvaticum (L.). Fig. 789. Branched Wood Horse-tail. Native.
P. IV, V.
Shady places. Occasional.
L. Crosby (H.). Large wood half a mile beyond Gill Moss
Chapel from Kirkby ; Billinge Hill (D.). Between Little
i66
Melling and Ashcroft Farm (r.b.). Hedge banks S.E. of
Upholland ; Ashurst Beacon (Field ciub).
C. Alvanley; Appleton (j.f.r.). Bromborough (h.s.f.).
Raby (Field club). Banks of Moors Brook, between Alvanley
and Manley ; Banks of the Dingle, near the Hooton Hall
racing stables, and extending near the brook (r.b.). Hedge
bank by road to Poole Hall from the Eastham Road (Miss w.).
E. palustre (L.). Fig. 790. Marsh horse-rail. Native. P. VI, VII.
In wet places. Common.
b. poly staohy um ( Auct .).
L. Crosby ; Formby ; &c.
C. 1901, at Meols (Dr. g.).
E. limosnui ( Sm .). Fig. 791. Smooth Naked Horse-tail. Native.
P. VI, VII.
In stagnant water. Common.
b. fluviatile ( L .).
Common.
E. hyemale (L.). Fig. 792. Rough Horse-tail. Native. P.
VII, VIII.
Damp places. Very rare.
C. Near Parkgate ; Gayton ; Thurstaston (D.). Sandhills
below Heswall (r.b.).
E. variegatum ( Schleich .). Fig. 793. Variegated Rough Horse-tail.
Native. P. VII, VIII.
Sandhills on both sides of the Mersey. Frequent.
L. Blundellsands ; Formby ; Birkdale.
C. Wallasey sandhills.
a. arenarium (Ntwrnan) is about as frequent as the type, and in the
same situations.
LYCOPODIACE^.
Lycopodium (. L .). Club Moss.
L. Selago ( L .). Fig. 794. Fir Club Moss. Native. P. VI-VIII.
Heaths and Moors. Rare.
L. S. side of Simmonswood Moss (D.).
C. Heswall Hill, sparingly (h.s.f. ; f.m.w.). About 1870, at
Storeton, now lost (w.p.t.).
Fig. 787.
EQUISETUM MAXIMUM.
Fig. 788. EQUISETUM ARVENSE.
Fig. 795. LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM.
Fig. 796. SELAGINELLA SELAGINOIDES.
167
L. inundation (L.). Marsh Club Moss. Native. P. VIII, IX.
Boggy places. Rare.
L. Hale (Dr. c.). Formby sandhills (h.s.f.).
C. Marshy spot at the commencement of Bidston Heath, by
the side of the road leading from N. Birkenhead (H.). There
till about 1891 (w.p.t.). Heswall Hill; Marsh near Thur-
staston (D.).
L clavatum (L.). Fig. 795. Club Moss. Stagshorn Moss. Native.
P. VII, VIII.
Heaths and moors. Rare.
L. S. side of Simmonswood Moss, near an old fir wood (D.).
C. Storeton (Dr. c.). There till about 1895 (w.p.t.).
SELAGINELLACE^E.
Selaginella (Spring.).
S. selaginoides (Gray). Fig. 796. Lesser Alpine Club Moss. Native.
P. VIII.
Damp heathy places. Rare.
L. Southport (D.). Formby sandhills (h.e.s.).
C. Heswall Hill (H.). Links at Hoylake (Miss w,).
MARSILEACE.£E.
Pilularia (L.). Pill wort.
P. globulifera (. L .). Fig. 797. Creeping Pillwort. Native. P.
VI, VII.
Lakes and ponds. Rare.
L. By the side of a pond at Allertom about one hundred
yards from the Dog Kennels (H.). Not far from the Hall on
Formby Marsh (D.). Forms the chief marginal vegetation of
an old peat pit, North Moss Lane, Formby (f.m.w.).
C. Pond, Oxton Heath (f.m.w. ; h.s.f.).
CHARACE/E.
Chara (Ag.).
C. fragilis ( Dtsv .). Fig. 798. Fragile Chara. Native. VI-VIII.
Slow and stagnant waters. Rare.
C. 1894, Langfields, West Kirby (Dr. g.).
d. Hedwigii (Kuetz.).
C. 1894, Pools on Bidston Marsh (Dr. g.).
i68
C. contraria ( Kuetz .).
L. 1898, Birkdale (j.a.w.).
C. hispida ( L .). Fig. 799. Rough Chara. Native. VI.
Ponds and ditches. Rare.
L. Fazakerley (H.). 1892, Pond near Birkdale (j.a.w.).
C. Mock-beggar, Leasowe ; Bidston (D.).
(var. gracilis ( Hook .).)
L. Southport (H.).
C. Occasionally in Wirral (D.).
C. vulgaris (L.). Common Chara. Native. V, VI.
Ponds and ditches. Frequent.
b. longibracteata (Kuetz.). Fig. 800.
L. 1893, Ditches near Crossens ; 1900, Pond near Walton
Junction (j.a.w.).
C. 1894, sl°w stream W. of Newton; Pools on Bidston
Marsh; Leasowe; Parkgate ; Langfields, West Kirby (Dr. g.).
d. atrovivens (Lowe.). Fig. 801.
C. 1894, Bidston Marsh (Dr. g.).
c. papillata (Wallr.).
L. 1897, Pond near the mouth of River Alt (j.a.w.).
Nit el la (Ag.).
N. flexilis (Agardh.). Fig. 802. Flaccid Nitella. Native. VI, VII.
Ponds and ditches. Rare.
L. Crosby ; Litherland (D.).
N. translucens (Agardh.). Fig. 803. Translucent Nitella. Native.
A. VIII.
Deep stagnant water. Rare.
L. Clegg’s Pits, Allerton (H.). Large pond on the way to
Allerton (D.). Pond in Knowsley Park (h.l.h.).
C. Bebington (D.).
N. opaca (Agardh.). Fig. 805. Opaque Nitella. Native.
Ponds. Rare.
C. 1875, Pond in field by Heath Lane, Stoke ; 1890, Pond
near Willaston (r.b.).
Authorities for Characeee, H. and J. Groves.
Fig. 797. PILULARIA GLOBULIFERA.
Fig. 798. CHARA FRAGILIS.
Fig. 799. CHARA HISPIDA.
Fig. 800. CHARA VULGARIS,
b. Longibracteata.
Fig 803. NITELLA FLEXILIS.
Fig. 804. NITELLA OPACA.
169
THE GEOLOGY OF THE LIVERPOOL
DISTRICT.
By J. J. Fitzpatrick,
Queen's Prizeman in Geology , Physical Geography, &c.
The radius of fifteen miles around Liverpool includes the two
important estuaries of the Mersey and the Dee, and it is bounded on
the north by Southport, on the south by Chester, on the west by
Talacre, in Flintshire, and on the east by Earlestown Junction on
the London & North Western Railway. The exact limit has not
been adhered to in this paper in the north and south line, which
has been slightly exceeded so as to include Chester and Southport.
The solid geology of this district consists to a large extent of
rocks of the Triassic System. Within the radius the following
formations are represented, in descending order : —
Recent deposits, including blown sand, and Esturine deposits.
Pleistocene, which includes Peat and Forest-beds and Boulder
Clay.
Trias.
Permian.
I Coal-measures.
Carboniferous j Millstone Grit.
I Carboniferous Limestone.
The Carboniferous Limestone comes within the radius at
Holywell in Flintshire, which is only 14 miles in a direct line from
Liverpool. This formation is rich in characteristic fossils, including
Spirifev and Productus, with corals and encrinites. This is the only
locality in which the limestone comes within the limited area.
The Millstone Grit formation is usually a hard and durable
sandstone, often coarse-grained, which is not developed to any
extent in the district, and it is therefore not regarded as of special
importance. The quartz grains of which it is composed vary in
size and many are angular and sub-angular. It occurs at Knowsley
Park, and also at Grimshaw Delf, near Upholland, where it is
170
faulted against the Lower Bunter Sandstone. The mineral barium
has been found in this delf.
The Cefn-y-Fedw Sandstone to the north of Flintshire, at
Holywell, Gronant, and Talacre, is supposed to represent the
Millstone Grit series in that district.
Although the Coal-measures do not embrace an extensive area
in the radius, they are certainly of the greatest commercial value
and importance. The strata of this formation are divided into
Upper, Middle, and Lower. The Lower Coal-measures at Billinge
are, according to Professor Hull, F.R.S., about 1800 feet in thick-
ness. At the Bispham Hall Colliery, near the highest part of
Billinge Hill, which is 593 feet above sea-level, the thickness of
the coal-seams varies from 1 foot 8 inches to 2 ft 6 inches, the depth
of the shaft is only 60 yards, and the coal-seams are worked in what
are known as the ‘‘Mountain Mines.” In the strata of these Lower
Coal-measures, as a rule, thin coal-seams only are found, which are
therefore not regarded as of special importance to the miner. The
Middle, or Productive Coal-measures, are developed about St.
Helens and Prescot, and are justly regarded as valuable, and of
vital importance to the trade and commerce of the district.
These Coal-measures consist of alternations of sandstones,
shales, and coal-seams. At Doulton’s Delf, St. Helens, an
excellent section in the lower strata of the Middle Coal-measures
can be seen. This section is over 100 feet in thickness, and consists
of shales, sandstones, pottery clay, and thin seams of coal. The
delf is rich in characteristic fossil plants consisting of Catamites ,
Sigillaria , Stigmaria, Lepidodendron , Lepidostrobus, Halonia, Cordaites,
Sphenophyllum, and ferns. Casts of the trunks of trees such as
Sigillaria and Catamites can be seen standing erect, as if in the
position in which they grew.
Out-crops of coal seams occur in the district around St. Helens,
and the town is built upon the strata of the Middle Coal-measures.
Fish remains occur in these rocks, and the characteristic shells
Anthracosia robusta and Anthracosia acuta are found. The latter is in
abundance at Doulton’s Delf.
Coal has been mined at various places near Neston, in the
peninsula of Wirral, for nearly 150 years. This inlier, or patch
of Middle Coal-measures, which is probably the eastern limit of the
North Wales Coalfield, is small in extent, and has been preserved
by being faulted against the Lower Bunter Sandstone.
The colliery at Neston, the shaft of which is 450 feet deep,
BIDSTON MILL.
ON BIDSTON HILL.
belongs to the Wirral Colliery Company, and the coal-seams are
actually worked under the estuary of the River Dee. This com-
pany is now boring in search of coal on the shore at high-water
mark opposite Denhall, near Burton Point Railway Station. On
12th October, 1901, the depth reached was 250 feet, without
finding coal of workable thickness. Two thin seams of coal of
about two inches each were passed through in the boring, and it is
likely, owing to numerous faults in the strata of the locality, that
workable coal may not be discovered. The writer is much
indebted to Mr. James Platt, manager of the Wirral Colliery, and
to his sons, Mr. William and Mr. Walter Platt, for much valuable
information in connection with the working of the coal-seams in
this interesting district, more especially on the occasion of a recent
visit made by the members of the Liverpool Geological Society,
under the leadership of the writer, to this boring, and also to the
coal-pit.
On the Flintshire side of the estuary of the Dee the Middle
Coal-measures extend for several miles, and at Mostyn Colliery,
which is now full of water, the Middle Coal-measures have been
worked for a distance of a mile under the bed of the river.
At the Point of Air a bed of coal is being worked at the
present time at the West Mcstyn Colliery. This is the most
northern part of the North Wales Coalfield. A boring in search of
coal was recently made at Bidston Railway Station, when a depth
of 2,850 feet is said to have been reached without coming to coal.
The Upper Coal-measures are not regarded as being of much
commercial value, as they do not produce coal-seams of sufficient
thickness to be workable. The nearest Coal-measure strata
to Liverpool are at Croxteth, and belong to this subdivision.
Exposures may also be seen in the neighbourhood of Rainhill,
Whiston and St. Helens. The Permian strata are not exposed in
any outcrops within the area, and their presence is regarded as
rather doubtful by geologists.
The following are the subdivisions of the Triassic System,
which is developed to such a large extent in the neighbourhood of
Liverpool : —
( Keuper-
Keuper Marl.
( Keuper Sandstone.
Trias / Upper Bunter Sandstone.
( Bunter Pebble- beds.
(Lower Bunter Sandstone.
172
The whole of the peninsula of Wirral, except in the immediate
neighbourhood of Neston and Burton, where the Coal-measures
border the estuary of the Dee, consists in its solid geology of rocks
of Triassic age. These rocks are usually covered with a mantle of
Boulder Clay and other comparatively recent deposits. Some of
the best building stones are quarried in the Keuper Sandstone at
Storeton, Runcorn, and Frodsham. Organic remains are very
rare in the strata of the Trias. The Storeton Quarries are cele-
brated on account of the fossil footprints of an animal supposed to
have been a batrachian called Cheirotherium Storetontnse (Morton).
Recently this animal has been named Cheirosaurus. Numerous
footprints of a smaller reptile known as Rhynchosaums are also
found. A fossil plant, Equisdites Keupevina (Morton), has also been
discovered.
The highest hill in Wirral is Heswall Hill, which is 360 feet
above sea-level, the strata being Keuper Sandstone. Bidston Hill
is formed of Keuper Sandstone resting on Upper Bunter Sandstone.
Thurstaston Hill, which is about 240 feet above sea-level, consists
of Upper Bunter Sandstone, with a capping of a coarse rock
resembling the basement-beds of the Keuper Sandstone.
The hills about West Kirby are formed of Upper Bunter
Sandstone, upon which the Keuper Sandstone rests. At Storeton
the Keuper Sandstone is faulted against the Upper Bunter Sand-
stone, and there is, on the hill to the left hand side of the main
road, going south, a small exposure of Keuper Marl, which is at
the present time in process of being covered, owing to the filling up
of a quarry for building purposes.
The Keuper Marl occurs in the north of Wirral, in the district
between Leasowe Castle and Irby, but it is obscured to a large
extent by a covering of Boulder Clay. The marl also occurs at
Upton, Arrow, Oxton Hill, Moreton, and Saughall Massie. The
Waterstones, which are the basement-beds of the Keuper Marl, can
be examined at Upton; Lower Keuper Sandstone forms the bed
rock at Frankby. At Prenton the Lower Keuper Sandstone rests
upon the Upper Bunter Sandstone. The latter subdivision also
occurs at Thingwall, Barnston, and Gayton. Hilbre Island,
Middle Island, and Little Eye belong to the Pebble-beds.
At the recent cutting at Liscard and Poulton Railway Station,
the Lower Keuper Sandstone rests on the yellow strata of the
Upper Bunter Sandstone. The Keuper Basement-beds are the
solid rocks at Wallasey, Liscard, and Poulton, The Pebble-beds
THE CALDERSTONE OAK.
COTTON GRASS ON KIRKBY MOSS.
I73
occur at Neston, Little Neston, and Ness. Oxton Hill is composed
of Upper Bunter Sandstone, Keuper Sandstone, and Keuper Marl.
The rocks between Egremont and New Brighton are the Pebble-
beds which are faulted against the Keuper Sandstone. On the
shore at New Brighton there is a spring of pure fresh water which
is, at the present time, covered with sand. This spring issues
from a fault, and the remarkable thing is that the spring is below
high water mark of the highest tides.
The Waterstones or basement-beds of the Keuper Marl occur in
the north of Wirral and around Runcorn and Frodsham. At
Burton Point there is an excellent section showing the junction of
the Pebble-beds with the Lower Bunter Sandstone.
The solid geology at Seacombe, Birkenhead, Rock Ferry,
Bromborough, Eastham, Little Sutton, Willaston, Childer Thorn-
ton, and Thornton Hough, are the Pebble-beds. The following
is a list of other localities, with the bed rocks : —
Shotwick,
Great Saughall,
Great Sutton,
Capenhurst,
Ledsham,
Eastham Village,
Lower Bunter Sandstone.
Do.
Pebble-beds.
Upper Bunter Sandstone.
Do.
Pebble-beds and Lower Bunter Sand-
stone.
The ancient city of Chester is built on the Pebble-beds, and the
same beds occur in the section exposed in the railway cutting
between Hooton and Little Sutton. The Elizabethan mansion,
Pool Hall, is also on these beds.
In the peninsula of Wirral the enormous erosion of valuable
land through the action of the tides during the last fifty years has
been noted by our leading geologists. This erosion is still going
on, although efforts, such as the construction of the Wallasey
Embankment, and similar works, have been made to lessen these
encroachments of the sea. At Moreton, Meols, and Leasowe this
loss of land has been very great. Hilbre Island, Middle Island, and
Little Eye, at the mouth of the River Dee, give evidence of this
erosion to a remarkable extent even to the most casual observer.
At Helsby and Frodsham the rocks rise to a height of about
500 feet, and the bold escarpment at Helsby, in an admirable
section, shows the junction of the Keuper and Bunter Sandstones.
In Lancashire it is found that the solid rock in the Southport
district is the Keuper Marl, but it is hidden by recent deposits
174
of peat, clay, and alluvium. At Ormskirk, the Lower Keuper
Sandstone and Upper Bunter Sandstone are the prevailing rocks.
The Pebble-beds occur at Hale, Speke, Garston, Woolton,
Wavertree, West Derby, Roby, Rainhill, Widnes and Farnworth;
and the Upper Bunter Sandstone at Halewood. The solid rocks at
Melling, Kirkby, and Knowsley, are the Pebble-beds; at Ince-
Blundell the Lower Keuper Sandstone is the prevailing rock, and
at Maghull, the Upper Bunter Sandstone. The Lower Keuper
Sandstone can be seen at Little Crosby, the Upper Bunter Sand-
stone occurs at Aintree ; the Lower Keuper Sandstone at Lydiate
and Great Crosby. At Rufford the bed rock is the Upper Bunter
Sandstone, and at Liverpool the Pebble-beds, Upper Bunter
Sandstone, and Keuper Marl.
The Boulder Clay, which is essentially a glacial deposit,
obscures the solid geology of the Liverpool district to a large
extent. This clay must be regarded as an important factor in
the growth of vegetation. Thick deposits are found in cliffs
on the estuary of the Dee, about Dawpool and Thurstaston.
Similiar deposits fringe the estuary of the Mersey between Garston
and Hale. The Boulder Clay gives evidence that at a com-
paratively recent period in geological history this neighbourhood
was covered with an ice sheet or ice sheets which carried with
them, from north to south, either on the surface or embedded in
the ice, striated, and other boulders, most of these being specimens
of the rocks which prevailed in the countries over which the ice had
travelled. Not only are the boulders striated, but the solid rocks
over which the ice sheets moved are marked, in many places, with
striations of a similar nature. These markings indicate the
direction in which the ice sheets travelled.
Characteristic specimens of these boulders may be seen at the
side entrance to the Liverpool Museum, William Brown Street, at
Leasowe Castle, the Mayer Museum, Bebington, and at Little
Neston. At Great Crosby a large boulder of gypsum, nearly
twenty tons in weight, which was found in a clay-pit, was recently
placed on a pedestal in the centre of the villiage, by the Great
Crosby Urban Council. This is the largest boulder of gypsum that
has been found in the neighbourhood of Liverpool. This boulder
was probably derived from the Keuper Marl of North Lancashire.
Besides the large boulders there were also deposited smaller
boulders, as well as gravel, sand, and clay, the latter being used
extensively for brick-making. Nearly all the pebbles on the
THOR’S STONE— THURSTASTON COMMON.
HIGHTOWN SANDHILLS.
*75
sea-shore, and in the two estuaries were derived from this clay.
Characteristic shells found in the clay are Turritella tereba and
A start e borealis. Foraminfera are also marine shells which are found
in abundance. Overlying the Boulder Clay there are submerged
forests, peat-beds, and esturine silt. The best known and most
interesting of the Peat and Forest-beds is that at Leasowe, which
contains trunks of trees, including the oak, pine, ash, elder, yew,
and birch. Many of these trees are believed by some to be in situ.
The Peat and Forest-beds are exposed in several localities, includ-
ing the estuaries of the Mersey and Dee, the mouth of the River
Alt at Hightown. and at Seaforth. In making excavations for the
Liverpool docks, beds of this description have been exposed. These
forest-beds are indicative of a luxuriant growth of vegetation in
comparatively recent times. The existence of these beds on the
sea-shore, often below high water mark, according to some
geologists proves the gradual but sure subsidence of the land in
this district ; according to others it indicates oscillations in the level
of the sea. • Through this subsidence, as well as by the encroach-
ments of the sea by continual erosion, much land has been lost in
this district, especially in the northern part of Wirral, in the Post-
Glacial deposits. Recent deposits include Tidal silt, or Esturine silt,
which covers large areas in the upper reaches of the estuaries of the
Dee and Mersey, and has been formed from the deposition of
matter by the esturine waters, and its accumulation in the estuary
of the Dee has afforded feeding accommodation for thousands of
sheep, which eat the grass that grows on the silt, although this
grass is always covered by sea-water at spring-tides.
Certain beds of clay and peat are also included in recent
deposits. Enormous accumulations of blown sand fringe the coast
in the district between Liverpool and Southport. About Formby
the large area covered is particularly noticeable. In the peninsula
of Wirral, between New Brighton and West Kirby, these sandhills
are well seen. This blown sand consists of particles of sea shells
blown inland from the sea-shore, and there are also fine particles of
silicious and other sands. At Formby and Hightown, about 150
years ago, there was a continual encroachment of these sandhills
upon the land, and the Formby of that period was completely
overwhelmed by blown sand from the sea-shore. This encroach-
ment was almost entirely stopped by the extensive planting of starr
grass, Ammophila anmdiuacca, which proved an effective remedy,
assisted by careful embanking.
ij6
In the ballast of ships arriving from various countries there are
often introduced not only plants which are foreign to the district,
but also rocks, minerals and clays. These are deposited on land
surfaces, and must exercise considerable influence upon the growth
of vegetation. The calciferous portions of the Boulder Clay form
excellent soils, and also the lime deposits usually found in the
Keuper Marl and the Waterstones. The Carboniferous Limestone
of Derbyshire and North Wales is also extensively used for this
purpose.
Before concluding it is desirable to state that fuller information
may be had by consulting Mr. G. H. Morton’s excellent book on
the Geology of the Country around Liverpool , and also the maps and
memoirs of the Geological Survey.
1 77
METEOROLOGICAL DATA
EXHIBITING THE SPECIAL FEATURES AND PECU-
LIARITIES OF CLIMATE OF THE WIRRAL
PENINSULA, LIVERPOOL AND DISTRICT, AND
ALONG THE COAST TO SOUTHPORT AND NEIGH-
BOURHOOD.
By J. Cairns Mitchell, B.D., F.R.A.S.
As climate has a preponderating influence upon the flora of a
district, it is desirable to supply meteorological data for the area
under consideration in this volume.
Three places have been selected, not only because they fairly
represent the climatalogical conditions within the area dealt with in
this book, but also as possessing thoroughly reliable meteoro-
logical records extending over a period of years sufficiently long
to give approximately accurate averages : —
ist. Southport to the north, and on the coast, in latitude
53° 39 ' 2" N., longitude 20 59' 4" W., and 37 feet above mean sea
level.
2nd. Liverpool. The old Observatory stood for twenty years
close to the river, on the Waterloo Dock Pierhead, in latitude
530 24' 48" N, longitude 30 o' 1" W., and 22 feet above mean sea
level. For these years, from 1846 to 1865, shade temperature and
rainfall observations are available for this station. With 1867,
observations began at the new Liverpool Observatory, situated on
Bidston Hill, about a mile West of the river, and 197 feet above
mean sea level, in a very open and exposed position, in latitude
530 24' 4" N., longitude 30 4' 20" W.
3rd. Chester to the south, and at the head of the Dee estuary,
in latitude 530 12' o" N., longitude 20 54' o" W., 59 feet above mean
sea level.
I.— TEMPERATURE
(In shade and sun, on and under ground)
comes first among the elements of climate that determine the
nature and development of plant life.
Three things must be carefully noted about it — mean and extreme
values, variations , and modifying influences.
178
w
Q
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to
CHESTER.
. 0
C/3 or
C£ M
w 0
"eg*
Mean of
Max. and
Min.
(N00 CS OO <N -rt O 01 O VO 01
°ob P ci P bi do b b P do b b
00 ro 10 VO *0 tJ- rj- ro
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Highest
o 01 g1 0 O O
b b b 00 Poo do niotI-^h
OVO 0.00 00 00 00 00 t^VO VO
CTr
00
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LIVERPOOL.
WATER-
LOO
DOCK.
20 Years,
1846 TO
1865.
Mean.
VO LOvO OO tJ- O'! VO 00 COH H w
0 b m Poo P P 01 b do P P 01
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SOUTHPORT.
30 Years,
1872 TO
1901.
Mean of
Max. and
Min.
tO 01 Ovo ro OMOOl ro >0 >0 Cl
i °oo or b P 0 P b b Poo P P
rOrO'tTt-roiO'O'O'OrJ-Tt-fO
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12 Years,
1890 to 1901.
C/3
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3 ft
01 tJ- <N O O -4-vO Or O to O 0)
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n w
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7$-
60
00
'
•
January
February ...
March
April
May
June
July
August
September ...
October
November ...
December ...
In comparing the mean annual range of shade temperature it
must be borne in mind that the temperature is more equal near the
coast, and is colder in winter and warmer in summer in proportion
to the distance inland. Very much of the included area is either
on the coast or along the estuaries of the Mersey and the Dee.
MOSS PLANTATION — KNOWSLEY. THE FENLAND OF WIRRAL.
i79
The proximity of the sea, therefore, with its equalising influence
at Southport and Liverpool, accounts for their smaller mean
monthly and annual range, as compared with that of Chester
twenty miles inland.
Mean Temperature. Mean Annual
January. July* Range.
Southport 38*5° ••• 59*5° 21*0°
Liverpool, Bidston ... 39-3° ... 60*4° 21*1°
Chester 38-2° ... 6i*o° 22-8°
For the district 387° ••• 60-3° 21-6°
In considering the effect of temperature on vegetation, not only
the shade, but also the open-air temperature in the sun and on the
ground must be taken into account to know the effect of direct
sunlight and of radiation, as these are the measure of the variations
in temperature to which plants are exposed. The necessity for this
will become at once apparent when it is known that the heat in the
sun is often fully 6o° greater than in the shade, and the cold on
the ground sometimes fully 190 greater than the shade minimum.
OPEN AIR TEMPERATURE.
SOUTHPORT.
LIVERPOOL.
CHESTER.
7 Years, 1895 to 1901.
7 Years,
1895 TO 1901.
9 Years,
1893 to 1901.
Absolute
highest,
in sun,
4 ft. above
ground.
Mean.
Absolute
lowest,
on ground
(short
grass or
snow).
Mean.
Absolute
highest,
in sun,
4 ft. above
ground.
Mean.
Absolute
lowest,
on ground
(short
grass or
snow).
Mean.
!
0 1
0
0
0
0
c
0
0
JAN i
62-3
I I *0
29-5
84*2
59-o
17
29-8
Feb
72-0
o-6
28*4
<u
94*5
70-8
3*i
29-9
Mar
88-o
...
30*4
108-5
84-2
16-5
32-0
April ...
99-0
35*i
116-3
96-0
21-2
35*7
May
106-4
37*9
m
! I25-0
102*9
26-4
39'9
June
1 l35nl
ii5‘3
46-4
O
I30-6
I 12-2
31'1
47*5
July ;
I38-8
116-4
49-5
ri
>
127-1
I 14-1
38-5
507
Aug
i I4°'5
H3*1
49-2
Uc
<U
128*5
109-4
377
30’1
Sept
1 103-5
46-9
in
Iig-O
98-8
31 -o
46-2
Oct
I 88*4
36*8
O
JO/-2
80*9
20-8
39’2
Nov
70-5
14-0
34-8
O
92*5
66-3
20-4
35’4
Dec
58-9
4*°
327
88-3
| 577
6-7
32-5
HO‘5
! 91*2
o-6
138-1
■ i3°'6
87-4
17
39’1
i8o
It is obvious, then, that the temperature ascertained by means
of thermometers placed four feet above the ground, over short grass
or snow, and sheltered by a louvred screen (Stevenson’s) from
the direct and reflected rays of the sun, from radiation and
evaporation, and very considerably from the wind, is the tem-
perature of the air, but is very far from being the temperature
to which plants exposed to all these influences are subject.
When the open-air temperature is taken, it is seen that the
average mean of our coldest month (January) is fully 450,
which gives sufficient heat to stimulate vegetable growth.
The result is that during a mild winter flowers may be in
bloom all the time in sheltered nooks, and even when the
winter is perfectly normal a few bright warm days will cause
vegetation to make a false start. It is no uncommon thing in the
spring to see several different sets of leaves thus produced upon
rose bushes. The variability of our winters is so great that a
difference of two months in the time of flowering of many of our
early wild flowers is not uncommon.
Councillor J. D. Siddall, late President of the Chester Society
of Natural Science, who has observed the flowering of our early
plants for the past twenty-one years, gives the variations in time
of flowering of four early plants as follows : —
Earliest. Latest.
Snowdrop 6th Jan., 1894, !898 ... 20th Feb., 1900
Celandine (R.Ficaria) 18th Jan., 1898 ... 5th March, 1900
Crocus 14th Jan., 1884 ... 19th March, 1886
Coltsfoot 3rd Feb., 1898 ... 16th March, 1900
Besides the shade and open-air temperatures, that of the ground
itself plays a not inconsiderable part in determining the character
and development of plants. The following figures give the months
with mean temperatures below 420 : —
UNDERGROUND MEAN TEMPERATURES, ONE FOOT
BELOW THE SURFACE, IN ORDINARY SOIL.
December. January. February. March.
Southport ... 40*7° ... 38*0° ... 38*1° ... 40*6°
Chester 42*5° ••• 40 o° ... 38-3° ... 41-1°
The foregoing are the principal extremes and means of tem-
perature that call for remark.
The following diagram shews the ways in which the tempera-
ture within the area varies from month to month throughout the
JN THE GROUNDS AT “ WESTWOOD, ' NOCTORUM. BIDSTON CHURCH— WEST DOOR.
Diagram showing Monthly Variations of Temperature
in Area.
The heavy line at 48^7 ° is the Mean Temperature
X
B
2
1 <
1 a
£
March .
April.
May.
] UNE .
July.
Aug
H
M
if)
Oct.
Nov
b
w
60
59
/
T
58
\
57
\
\
56
\
\
55
/
1
54
/
\
\
'53
/
\
52
/
/
5i
/
1
t
50
/
\
49
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*
4«
*
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1
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39
y_
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~V~
N
El
,
i
i82
O
year. The heavy line across the diagram at 487 indicates the
mean annual shade temperature of the area.
Had three diagrams been given, one for each of the places
specially selected, the mean monthly variation in temperature
between Chester and the two coast places would have been at once
apparent, the winter being slightly colder and the summer rather
warmer at the former, which involves a more rapid rise of temper-
ature in spring and a more rapid fall in autumn, due to its more
inland position removing it from the equalising influence of the sea.
VARIATION OF THE MEAN TEMPERATURE FROM
MONTH TO MONTH.
From Coldest to
Warmest Month.
SOUTHPORT.
LIVERPOOL
(Bidston).
CHESTER.
January to February
0
07
0
07
0
i-6
February to March ..
i*8 )
i-8 '
2-4 \
March to April . ...
4 6 rll-3
4*9
■ii*3
4-6 1 12*4
April to May
4-9 1
4-6
1
5*4 f
May to J une
6-4
6*5
6*2
June to July
2 6
2*6
2*6
From Warmest to
Coldest Month.
July to August
0*3
0*5
o-8
August to September
3-6
3*5
3*8
September to Oct. ...
7*i )
6-8
7*9 )
October to November
5-0 L 1-6-4
5*4
• i6’2
4*9 r I7’2
November to Dec. ...
4*3 )
4*°
4*4 J
December to January
07
0-9
1*0
Yearly Range
21*0
21*1
22*8
A few interesting facts, of great importance to plant life and
growth in our latitude, will become apparent on an inspection of the
preceding table of monthly variations of temperature; first, that
the three winter months, December, January and February, have
almost the same mean temperature — December and February are
the same, and January, the coldest month, only differs by about
one degree; second, that July and August are almost the same;
and third, that the increase in temperature for the three spring
months (as shown in the preceding table) is n°or 120, while the
decrease in temperature for the three autumn months is 160 or
WATER-LILIES, NEAR BROMBOROUGH
i83
i 7°; so very slow is its advance in spring, and so swift its flight
in autumn.
Of the influences that modify temperature and give special
character to the climate of a locality the following need particular
attention in connection with vegetation. Liability to frost on the
ground in the early summer and autumn months is an element
of great value as affecting plant life. There are no open-air
temperatures taken at Bidston Hill Observatory, but at Southport
and Chester ground temperatures taken in the open air give the
following results : —
FROSTS ON GROUND.
Southport, 1890-1901
Chester, 1893-1901...
4 years out of n in June.
5 years out of 1 1 in September.
1 year out of 9 in June.
2 years out of 9 in September.
Ground frosts never fail to appear at Southport in May and
October, and only once in about ten years at Chester.
The June and September ground frosts may not affect vegeta-
tion greatly when there is only one in the month, and that of slight
intensity ; but when, as in September, 1894, Southport, six took
place, the results are likely to be disastrous. At Chester, three
slight frosts in June, 1894, are most that have been recorded,
but both the May and October ground frosts are liable to be
frequent and intense.
Another modifying element of great influence is liability to cold
and boisterous winds, especially in spring. The eastern side of
the Wirral peninsula and the Welsh coast, the northern coast
line and the inland parts in the N.E. of the area, are exposed to the
bitter cold N. and N.E. winds that often blow for weeks together
in the spring, greatly retarding vegetable growth.
Another element that exerts a very powerful modifying in-
fluence is the sea and the estuaries. Near these the temperature
does not rise so quickly in the spring as it does inland, and, con-
trariwise, the autumn lingers longer on our coasts than in the
inland and upland parts.
These facts are important in looking for early and late speci-
mens. Sheltered nooks must be sought, where good local covering
shields from the prevailing cold winds, and southern slopes expose
to the fullest influence of sunshine.
184
II.— MOISTURE
is the next important element.
RAINFALL.
(. INCLUDING SNOW , HAIL AND SLEET).
SOUTHPORT.
LIVERPOOL.
CHESTER.
30 Years,
1872-1901.
Waterloo
Dock.
20 Years,
1846-65.
Bidston Hill.
35 Years,
1867-1901.
26 Years,
1876-1901.
Amount
No. of
Amount.
Amount
No. of
Amount
No. of
Days.
Days.
Days.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
January ...
270
17
1-75
2'l8
17
2'06
16
February
2-OI
15
1-28
1-67
I5
1-69
15
March ...
2-15
H
I’59
1-68
15
i’6i
15
April
1:76
13
i*6i
1*62
H
i-59
15
May
2*07
J3
1*82
i-88
14
2-05
13
June
2-25
13
2-32
2-07
13
2‘43
H
July
I y'9
15
2*67
276
15
2*87
15
August ...
3’8i
17
3-06
2-97
16
3-n
17
Septemb’r
3'32
16
2-49
3*oo
17
2-44
15
October...
3‘«3
18
2-97
3*56
19
3’°3
17
November
3U1
17
2-27
270
17
2’53
17
December
3-05
18
1-86
2-65
18
2’55
18
Total...
33U5
186
*25-69
28-74
0
M
187
This should be taken not only in connection with the surface
geology, but also with drainage and the character of the soil.
Ram falls over the entire area on the average very nearly two
days out of three the whole year round.
Snow does not lie for any length of time near the sea, but
inland, the land may be covered for weeks in severe winters. It
protects vegetation from the effects of frost, fills the underground
reservoirs, irrigates, disintegrates, and fertilizes the soil.
*The rain gauge at the old Observatory on the Pierhead at the Waterloo
Dock was 30 feet above the ground, which accounts for the less annual amount
as compared with Bidston.
EASTHAM WOOD. THE OLD YEW, EASTHAM CHURCHYARD.
i85
Falls of Snow at Chester and Neighbourhood for
Eleven
Seasons.
October
.. 2
January
... 25
April
...
... 2
November .,
•• 7
February
... 26
May
... 2
December . ,
.. 16
March ..
. ... 14
Droughts are an important element in plant life. A drought is
more than fourteen consecutive days without any rain. Droughts
are sure to take place in the northern part of the area in two years
out of three on the average ; several may take place in one year,
as in January, March, and August of 1880. Only five times in the
past thirty-five years have there been droughts of three weeks or
more. The longest being twenty-six days — 8th June to 3rd July,
1887. In the southern parts droughts occur rather more fre-
quently, three years out of four on the average, and one in three
may last for three weeks. The longest in the last twenty-one years
was twenty-eight days — 8th August to 4th September, 1880.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY.
SOUTHPORT.
LIVERPOOL.
CHESTER.
20 Years,
1872-91.
10 Years,
1891-1901.
30 Years,
1872-1901.
24 Years, 1878-1901.
1878-1890, 1891-1901,
13 Years, ii Years.
9 a.m.
9 a.m. and
9 p.m.
Mean.
ga.m. and 9p m
Mean.
9 a.m.
9 a.m. and
9 p.m.
; Mean.
January
%
88
%
88
%
85
%
88
%
88
February ...
88
86
86
87
88
March
85
84
81
82
85
April
80
80
76
76
81
May
77
77
75
71
79
June
77
78
76
72
79
July
80
78
76
74
77
August
81
80
77
77
81
September ...
83
82
79
81
85
October
85
85
80
84
87
November ...
88
87
84
86
88
December ...
88
88
86
88
89
83
83
80
80
84
i86
This gives the amount of moisture contained in the atmosphere
in the form of invisible vapour, and is of. the greatest importance to
vegetation.
Dew, with its refreshing influence, is a frequent phenomenon in
our latitude. It has been observed at Chester the following
number of times during the past nine years
March ...
••• 59
1 June •••
... 38
September ..
• 75
April ...
... 71
July
43
October
. 89
May
••• 57
1 August ...
... 89
November ..
• 67
And last, but by no means least as important factors in plant
life calling for mention even in such a mere outline sketch as this,
are the twin elements of
III.— BRIGHT SUNSHINE AND CLOUDINESS.
BRIGHT SUNSHINE.
SOUTHPORT
LIVERPOOL.
|
CHESTER.
10 Years,
6 Years,
1892-1901.
1896-1901.
% of greatest
% of greatest
possible amount.
possible amount.
January
17-2
16*9
February
25-0
26 0
March
38*5
27.2
April
45’5
.
n
41-5
May
50-0
<u
44-1
June
46-1
5
41-8
July
44- 1
CD
44'9
August
407
C
O
40*2
September
38*5
£
36‘3
October
30-8
3°*°
November
16.9
H*9
December
11.8
*3*4
A nnual percentage . . .
1 33'8
-
327
It must be borne in mind that these percentages are not of
sunshine but of bright sunshine, such as the unclouded sun gives
half-an-hour after rising until half-an-hour before setting. During
the remaining part of the percentages the sun is obscured more
or less by haze, mist, fog, or cloud.
BEECH IN EASTHAM WOOD.
187
AMOUNT OF CLOUD.
SOUTHPORT.
LIVERPOOL.
(BIDSTON.)
CHESTER.
30 Years,
1872 to 1901.
30 Years,
1872 to 1901.
24 Years,
1878-1890,
13 Years.
1878-1901.
1891-1901,
11 Years.
9 a.m. & 9 p.m.
Mean.
9 a.m. & 9 p.m.
Mean.
9 a.m.
Mean.
9a.m. &9p.m.
Mean.
January
0
7*4
0
7*i
0
73
0
7-0
February ...
7'i
7-0
7’3
7-0
March
6-6
67
7-2
6-i
April
6*6
5-8
7'1
5-8
May
67
5*6
6-9
6*2
June
7*6
6*i
6*9
6*5
July
7.3
6*2
7‘5
6*5
August
7-i
6-3
7*3
6*6
September ...
67
6-i
7‘3
6*3
October
6-6
6*6
7-2
7-0
November ...
7*3
6-4
7*4
7-1
December ...
7*5
7*0
7’4
7*4
Annual Mean...
7-0
6-4
7-2
6-6
Town smoke and the impurities that load the atmosphere in the
neighbourhood of manufacturing centres must not be overlooked in
their effects on plant life.
Accumulated Heat in “Day-Degrees.”
When all the varied elements of climate, with their delicate and
subtle interplay of influences that affect vegetation are considered, it
will be found that the stirring of the vital forces in the plant is not
the result of any one element directly, but of their combined action.
Each plant seems to need a definite amount of this combination of
forces to awake and stimulate its vitality. An easy and approxi-
mately correct method of determining this in the case of any plant
is the following : —
420 shade temperature is accepted as the critical value or
base line, and every accession of heat is mainly effectual in starting
and maintaining the growth, and in completing the ripening of
plants in such a climate as ours. “ The accumulated temperature
is expressed in ‘day-degrees.’ A day-degree signifies i° Fahren-
heit of excess or defect of temperature above or below 420,
B B
i88
continued for 24 hours, or any other number of degrees for an
inversely proportional number of hours.”
When the temperature during any period remains either above
or below the base temperature, the difference between the base and
the mean temperature gives, approximately, the accumulated tem-
perature.
A note being kept from the beginning of the year, day by day,
of this accumulated temperature, and the day-degrees below 420
deducted from those above it, it will be found that a definite
number of day-degrees in excess is needed for the flowering and
ripening of each kind of plant. It is of advantage when these
phytological observations are made by the same person and on the
same plants from year to year. The plants selected should not be
in a very sheltered situation nor, on the other hand, in too exposed
a position. “A plant is to be considered” in flower “when the
stamens on the first blossoms on it first become visible.” In other
cases when either the stigma is mature or the anthers burst. In
the case of the Hazel the fertile flowers are to be observed. The
“first flowering” observations mean, of course, those of the
blossoms produced from the ordinary growth of the current season.
ERRATA.
Page 6, for R. Sardous read R. sardous.
Page 6, for R. hirsutus read R. hirsutus.
Page 52, for P. malus read P. Malus.
Page 125, under the figure of the Yew, for Toxus read Taxus.
Page 126, under the figure of the Birds-nest Orchid, for N. Nidus-airs
read N. Nidus-avis.
Page 131. The line Allium ( L .) Garlic should be placed above A. Ampelo-
prasum.
189
ADDENDA, 1902.
*Delphinium Ajacis ( Reichb .).
L. Halsall (Missw.).
^Erysimum virginicum.
C. Birkenhead Docks (j.a.w.).
^Sisymbrium pannonicum (; Jacquin ).
L. Bridge over railway close to Seaforth Barracks (j.a.w.).
*Sisymbrium polyceratum ( L .).
C. Birkenhead Docks (j.a.w.).
*Lepidium perfoliatum.
L. Shore at Blundellsands (Missw.).
Teesdalia nudicauiis ( R . Br.).
C. Lane leading to shore at Denhall (Dr. g.).
Crambe maritima ( L .).
C. Shore at Dawpool (j. d. siddaii).
Viola odorata (L.).
C. Hedge bank in Burton Wood (Dr. g.)
Dianthus deltoides (L.).
C. About forty large plants near Leasowe Castle (Dr. g.)
*Saponaria Vaccaria (L.).
C. Between Wallasey and New Brighton in a disused
chicken-run (Miss Priestley, per Miss w.). Introduced with seed.
Saponaria officinalis (L.). pubcrula ( Syme ).
L. Sandhills at Blundellsands (j.a.w.).
Lychnis Githago [Lam.).
L. Cornfield at Hightown (j.a.w.).
Arenaria serpyllifolia (L.). Lloydii ( Jord .).
L. Sandhills at Blundellsands (j.a.w.).
Geranium pratense (L.)
C. A large plant on roadside close to Denhall House (Dr. g.).
Trigonella purpurascens (Lam.).
C. Roadside between Ness and Burton ; abundant and large
on Grange Hill by the side of the path leading to the Hill
Houses, in company with Sedum anglicum and Trifoliwn
striatum (Dr. g.). Bidston Hill, to the E. of the iron bridge
over Vyner Road (Missw.).
: Trifolium incarnatum (L.).
C. Roadside close to Ness (Dr. g.).
Trifolium striatum (L.).
C. Side of road leading to Denhall shore ; on Grange Hill
below the landmark, close to the station for Anchusa ; also in
quantity by the side of the path leading to the Hill Houses
(Dr. g.). Near the sandhills at Leasowe (Missw.).
Rubus leucostachys ( Sm .).
L. At Hightown ; Little Crosby (j.a.w.).
Potentilla argentea (L.).
L. Path by the canal at Ford (j.a.w.).
Epilobium obscurum ( Schreb .).
L. Halsall (Missw.).
Bupleurum rotundifolium (L.).
*Caucalis laiifolia (L.).
C. Between Wallasey and New Brighton in a disused
chicken-run (Miss Priestley, per Miss w.) Introduced with seed.
Caucalis nodosa (Scop.).
C. Lane leading to the shore at Denhall (Dr. g.).
*Matricaria discoidea (L.).
L. Halsall (Missw.).
C. Temple Road, Oxton ; Town Lane, Rock Ferry; near
Hargreave Hall Farm (Missw.).
Campanula rapunculoides (L.).
L. Halsall (Missw.). Sandhills at Blundellsands (j.a.w.).
*Anchusa sempervirens (L.).
C. Burton, on the top of a wall bordering the lower road
going W. (Dr. G.).
Orobanche minor (Sm.).
L. Halsall, abundant in a clover field (Missw.). Clover field
close to L. Crosby Church (j.a.w.).
Mentha sativa ( L .). a. rivalts [Loud. Cat.).
L. Canal bank between Ford and Seaforth (j.a.w.).
Origanum vulgare ( L .).
C. By roadside descending Storeton Hill going towards
Clatterbridge (Missw.).
*Salvia verticillata.
C. Birkenhead Docks (j.a.w.).
*Leonurus Cardiaca ( L .).
C. Waste ground by Waterpark Road, Prenton Hill (Dr. g.).
Rumex crispus (L.). a. trigranulatus (Syme).
L. Mouth of R. Alt (j.a.w.).
C. Birkenhead Docks (j.a.w.).
192
INDEX.
Asterisks prefixed to names of plants denote that they are aliens.
Italics indicate alternative names of plants that are not adopted in this volume.
There are 1,060 species mentioned in this volume.
There are 1,817 entries in this Index.
Immediately preceding this Index will he found Addenda to the Flora that
have been noted in 1902 since the body of the work has been in print.
A few Errata are also noted in this place.
SCIENTIFIC NAMES.
Acer campestre, 33.
*Pseudo-platanus, 33.
Achillea Millefolium, 73.
Ptarmica, 73.
Aconitum Napellus, 7.
Acorus Calamus, 135.
* Adonis Autumnalis, 4.
Adoxa Moschatellina, 67.
iEgopodium Podagraria, 63.
*A£sculus hippocastanum, 34.
jEthusa Cynapium, 65.
Agrimonia Eupatoria, 49.
Agropyron acutum, 159.
caninum, 159.
junceum, 159.
pungens, 159.
repens, 159.
Agrostis alba, 150.
canina, 150.
vulgaris, 15 1.
Aira caryophyllea, 15 1.
praecox, 152.
Ajuga reptans, 109.
Alchemilla arvensis, 49
vulgaris, 49.
Alisma Plantago, 136
ranunculoides, 136.
natans, 136.
Alismace.se, 136.
* Allium Ampeloprasum, 131.
Scorodoprasum, 131.
ursinum, 131.
vineale, 13 1
Alnus glutinosa, 121.
Alopecurus agrestis, 149.
geniculatus, 150.
Alopecurus pratensis, 150.
Althaea officinalis, 29.
*Alyssum incanum, 12.
•maritimum, 12.
Amarantace^:, iii.
*Amaranthus Blitum, 111.
•retroflexus, ill.
Amaryllide^e, 129.
*Ammi majus, 62.
Ammophila arundinacea, 151.
•Amsinckia lycopsoides, 94.
•speclabilis, 94.
Anacharis alsinastmm, 125.
Anagallis arvensis, 88.
coerulea, 88.
tenella, 89.
*Anchusa sempervirens, 93.
Andromeda Polifolia, 85.
Anemone nemorosa, 3.
Angelica sylvestris, 65.
Antennaria dioica, 72.
Anthemis arvensis, 74.
Cotula, 74.
•tinctoria, 74.
nobilis, 74.
Anthoxanthum odoratum, 149.
*Puelii, 149.
Anthriscus sylvestris, 64.
vulgaris, 64.
Anthyllis Vulneraria, 39.
•Antirrhinum majus, 97.
Apargia species, 81.
Apera Spica-venti, 151.
Apium graveolens, 61.
inundatum, 61.
nodiflorum, 61.
193
Apocynace/e, 89.
Aquilegia vulgaris, 7.
Arabis sagittata, 11.
Araliace.®, 67.
Arctium minus, 77.
Arenaria peploides, 25.
serpyllifolia, 25.
trinervia, 25.
verna, 24
Armeria maritima, 87.
Aroide®, 135.
Arrhenatherum avenaceum, 153.
Artemisia Absinthium, 75
maritima, 75.
vulgaris, 75.
Arum maculatum, 135.
Arundo calamagroslis, 151.
epigeios, 15 1.
phragmites , 153.
Asparagus officinalis, 1 30.
*Asperugo procumbens, 92.
Asperula odorata, 69.
*Asphodelus fistulosus, 131.
Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum, 161.
lanceolatum, 162.
marinum, 161.
Ruta-muraria, 162.
Trichomanes, 162.
Aster Tripolium, 71.
Athyrium filix-foemina, 162.
Atriplex Babingtonii, 113.
deltoidea, 113.
farinosa, 113.
hastata, 113.
laciniata, 113.
littoralis, 113.
patula, 1 13.
portulacoides, 114.
Avena fatua, 152.
flavescens, 152.
pubescens, 152.
strigosa, 152.
Ballota nigra, 109.
Barbarea intermedia, n.
praecox, 11.
stricta, n.
vulgaris, 11.
Bartsia Odontites, 100.
viscosa, 100.
Beilis perennis, 71.
BERBERIDACE®, 8.
Berberis vulgaris, 8.
Betula alba, 120.
glutinosa, 121.
Bidens cernua, 73.
tripartita. 73.
Blackstonia perfoliata, 90.
Blechnum Borcale, 16 r.
Blysmus compressus, 142.
rtipus, 142.
Boragine®, 92.
*Borago officinalis, 92.
Botrychium Lunaria, 165.
Brachypodium sylvaticum, 158.
Brassica alba, 15.
monensis, 15.
Napus, 14.
nigra, 15.
Rapa, 15.
Sinapis, 15.
Briza media, 154.
*Bromus arvensis, 158.
asper, 157.
commutatus, 158.
giganteus, 157.
lanceolatus, 157.
maximus, 157.
mollis, 158.
racemosus, 158.
secalinus, 157.
sterilis, 157.
*unioloides, 158.
Bryonia dioica, 59.
B unium flexuosum , 63 .
Bupleurum rotundifolium, 60.
tenuissimum, 61.
Butomus umbellatus, 136.
Cakile maritima, 17.
Calamagrostis epigeios, 151.
lanceolata, 15 1.
Calamintha acinos , 105.
arvensis, 105.
Clinopodium, 105.
officinalis, 105.
Callitriche hamulata, 57.
stagnalis, 57.
Calluna Erica, 85.
Caltha palustris, 7.
Calystegia Sepium, 94.
Soldanella, 95.
*Camelina sativa, 14.
Campanula hederacca , 83.
latifolia, 84.
*media, 102.
rapunculoides, 84.
rotundifolia, 84.
Trachelium, 84.
CAMPANULACE®, 83.
CAPRIFOLIACE®, 67.
Capsella Bursa-pastoris, 15.
Cardamine amara, 12.
flexuosa, 12.
hirsuta, 12.
pratensis, 12.
Carduus crispus, 77.
nutans, 77.
pycnocephalus, 77.
tcnuiflorus , 77.
Carex acuta, 145.
ampullacea, 148.
194
Carex arenaria, 143.
axillaris, 144.
binervis, 146.
curta, 145.
distans, 147.
disticha, 143.
divulsa, 144.
echinata, 144.
elongata, 144.
extensa, 147.
flacca , 145.
flava, 147.
fulva, 147.
glauca, 145.
Goodenowii, 145.
hirta, 148.
laevigata, 146.
muricata, 144.
CEderi, 147.
ovalis, 145.
pallescens, 146.
paludosa, 148.
panicea, 146.
paniculata, 143.
pendula, 146.
pilulifera, 145.
praecox, 146.
Pseudo-cyperus, 148.
pulicaris, 143.
remota, 144.
riparia, 148.
rostrata, 148.
stellulata, 144.
stricta, 145.
strigosa, 146.
sylvatica, 146.
teretiuscula, 143.
verna, 146.
vesicaria, 148.
vulgaris, 145.
vulpina, 144.
Carlina vulgaris, 77.
Carpinus Betulus, 121.
Caryophylle^e, 20.
*Carum Carui, 62.
*Petroselinum, 62.
*Castanea sativa, 121.
Catabrosa aquatica, 154.
Caucalis Anthriscus, 66.
arvensis, 66.
daucoides, 66.
*latifolia, 66.
nodosa, 66.
Celastrine^e, 33.
Centaurea Calcitrapa, 79.
Cyanus, 79.
*Melitensis, 79.
nigra, 78.
Scabiosa, 79.
*solstitialis, 79.
*Centranthus ruber, 70.
Centunculus minimus, 89.
Cerastium arvense, 23.
glomeratum, 23.
quaternellum, 23.
semidecandrum, 23.
tetrandrum, 23.
triviale, 23.
Ceratophylle^e, 124.
Ceratophyllum demersum, 124
submersum, 124.
Chaerophyllum temulum, 63.
Chara contraria, 168.
fragilis, 167.
hispida, 168.
vulgaris, 168.
Charace^e, 167.
Cheiranthus Cheiri, 10.
Chelidonium majus, 9.
Chenopodiace^e, III.
Chenopodium album, 111.
Bonus-Henricus, 112.
ficifolium, 1 12.
glaucum, 1 12.
hybridum, 112.
murale, 112.
*opulifolium, 112.
rubrum, 112.
urbicum, 112.
Vulvaria, 111.
Chlora perfoliata , 90.
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, 4
*Parthenium, 74.
segetum, 74.
Chrysosplenium alternifolium, 53
oppositifolium, 53.
Cichorium Intybus, 79.
Cicuta virosa, 61.
Circaea alpina, 59.
lutetiana, 58.
*Claytonia perfoliata, 27.
Clematis vitalba, 3.
Cnicus acaulis, 78.
arvensis, 78.
lanceolatus, 78.
palustris, 78.
Cochlearia anglica, 13.
*Armoracia, 13.
danica, 13.
Comarum palustre, 49.
Composite, 71.
Conifers, 124.
Conium maculatum, 60.
Conopodium denudatum, 63.
Convallaria majalis, 130.
CoNVOLVULACEiE, 94.
Convolvulus arvensis, 95.
*Coriandrum sativum, 64.
CORNACE/E, 67.
Cornus sanguinea, 67.
*Coronilla varia, 40.
Corydalis claviculata, 10.
I95
•Corydalis lutea, 9.
Corylus Avellana, 121.
•Cotula coronopifolia, 83.
Cotyledon umbilicus, 54.
Crassulacee, 54.
Crataegus Oxvacantha, 53.
Crepis paludosa, 80.
•setosa, 80.
virens, 80.
•Crocus nudiflorus, 129.
CRUCIFERE, 10.
CUCURBITACEE, 59.
CUPULIFERE. 120.
•Cuscuta Epilinum, 95.
Epithymum, 95.
europaea, 95.
Trifolii, 95.
Cynoglossum officinale, 92.
Cynosurus cristatus, 153.
•echinatus, 153.
Cyperacee, 140.
Cystopteris fragilis, 162
Cytisus scoparius, 35.
Dactylis glomerata, 154.
Daphne Laureola, 117.
•Datura Stramonium, 96.
Daucus Carota, 66.
•Delphinium Ajacis, 7.
•Consolida, 7.
Deschampsia caespitosa, 152.
flexuosa, 152.
Dianthus Armeria, 20.
deltoides, 20.
Digitalis purpurea, 98.
Dioscoree, 130.
Diplotaxis tenuifolia, 15.
muralis, 15.
Dipsacee, 70.
•Dipsacus fullonum, 70.
pilosus, 70.
sylvestris, 70.
•Doronicum pardalianches, 76
Dr aba verna, 12.
Drosera anglica, 56.
intermedia, 56.
rotundifolia, 55.
Droseracee, 55.
•Echinospermum Lappula, 94
Echium vulgare, 94.
Elatinee, 27.
Elatine hexandra, 27.
Eleagnacee, 1 17.
Eleocharis acicularis, 140.
multicaulis, 140.
palustris, 140.
uniglumis, 140.
Elisma natans, 136.
•Elodea canadensis, 125.
Elyraus arenarius, 160.
Empetracee, 123.
Empetrum nigrum, 123.
Epilobium angusdfolium, 57.
hirsutum, 57.
montanum, 58.
obscurum, 58.
palustre, 58.
parviflorum, 58.
tetragonum, 58.
Epipactis latifolia, 126.
palustris, 127.
media, 127.
Equisetacee, 165.
Equisetum arvense, 165.
hyemale, 166.
limosum, 166.
maximum, 165.
palustre, 166.
sylvaticum, 165.
variegatum, 166.
Erica cinerea, 85
Tetralix, 85.
Esicacee, 85.
Erigeron acre, 71.
Eriophorum angustifolium, 14
latifolium, 142.
vaginatum, 142.
Erodium cicutarium, 32.
moschatum, 32.
Erophila vulgaris, 12.
Eryngium maritimum, 59.
Erysimum cheiranthoides, 14.
•orientale, 14.
•repandum, 14.
Erythraea Centaurium, 90.
latifolia, 90.
littoralis, 91.
pulchella, 91.
Euonymus europaeus, 33.
Eupatoriufn cannabinum, 71.
•Euphorbia Cyparissias, 118.
exigua, 118.
Helioscopia, 118.
•Lathyris, 119.
Paralias, 118.
Peplus, 1 18.
Portlandica, 118.
Euphorbiacee, 1 18.
Euphrasia officinalis, 100.
•Fagopyrum esculentum, 116.
Fagus sylvatica, 121.
Festuca elatior, 157.
fallax, 157.
loliacea, 156.
myurus, 156
ovina, 157.
procumbens, 156.
rigida, 156.
rubra. 157.
sciuroides, 156.
ig6
Festuca uniglumis, 156.
Filago germanica, 72.
minima, 72.
Filices, 161.
Foeniculum officinale, 64.
*Fragaria elatior, 48.
vesca, 48.
Fraxinus excelsior, 89.
Fumaria confusa, 10.
officinalis, 10.
pallidiflora, 10.
Fumariace^e, 9.
Galanthus nivalis, 129.
Galeopsis Ladanum, 107.
speciosa, 107.
Tetrahit, 107.
versicolor, 107.
*Galinsoga parviflora, 73.
Galium Aparine, 69.
Cruciata, 68.
palustre, 68.
saxatile, 68.
tricorne, 69.
uliginosum., 68.
verum, 68.
Genista anglica, 34.
tinctoria, 34.
Gentiana Amarella, 91.
campestris, 91.
Pneumonanthe, 91.
GentianEvE, 90.
GeraniacejE, 30.
Geranium columbinum, 31.
dissectum, 31.
molle, 31.
’phaeum, 31.
pratense, 30.
pusillum, 31.
pyrenaicum, 31.
Robertianum, 31.
rotundifolium, 32.
sanguineum, 30.
Geum intermedium, 48.
rivale, 48.
urbanum, 48.
Glaucium flavum, 9.
Glaux maritima, 88.
Glyceria aquatica, 155.
distans, 156.
fluitans, 155.
maritima, 156.
plicata, 155.
Gnaphalium sylvaticum, 72.
uliginosum, 72.
Gramine^e, 148.
Gymnadenia conopsea , 128.
Habenaria albida, 128.
bifolia, 128.
conopsea, 128.
Habenaria viridis, 128.
Halorage^e, 56.
Hedera helix, 67.
Helminthia echioides, 80.
Helosciadium species, 61.
Heracleum Sphondylium, 66.
*Hesperis matronalis, 13.
Hieracium boreale, 81.
pilosella, 80.
umbellatum, 81.
vulgatum, 80.
Hippophae rhamnoides, 117.
Hippuris vulgaris, 56.
Holcus lanatus, 152.
mollis, 152.
Honckenia peploides, 25.
Hordeum maritimum, 160.
murinum, 160.
pratense, 160.
sylvatrcum, 160.
Hottonia palustris, 87.
Humulus Lupulus, 119.
Hydrocharide^e, 125.
Hydrocharis Morsus-ranae, 125.
Hydrocotyle vulgaris, 59.
*Hyoscyamus albus, 96.
niger, 96.
Hypkricine^e, 27.
Hypericum Androssemum, 27.
elodes, 29.
*hircinum, 28.
hirsutum, 28.
humifusum, 28.
quadrangulum, 28.
quadratum, 28.
perforatum, 28.
pulchrum, 28.
Hypochseris glabra, 81.
radicata, 81.
Hypopithys multiflora, 86.
Ilex Aquifolium, 32.
Ilicine^e, 32.
iLLECEBRACEiE, IIO.
*Impatiens parviflora, 32.
Inula Helenium, 72.
Iride^e, 129.
Iris Pseudacorus, 129.
Jasione montana, 83.
Juncace^e, 132.
J uncus acutiflorus, 133.
bufonius, 132.
compressus, 132.
conglomeratus, 132.
diffusus, 132.
effusus, 132.
Gerardi, 132.
glaucus, 132.
lamprocarpus, 133.
maritimus, 133.
197
Juncus obtusiflorus, 133.
squarrosus, 132.
supinus, 133.
Koeleria cristata, 153.
Labiate, 103.
Lactuca muralis, 82.
virosa, 82.
Lamium album, 109.
amplexicaule, 108.
Galeobdolon, 109.
hybridum, 108.
in ci sum, 108.
intermedium, 108.
•maculatum, 108.
purpureum, 108.
Lapsana communis, 80.
*Larix Europaea, 124.
Lastraea dilatata, 164.
Filix-mas, 163.
Oreopteris, 163.
spinulosa, 163.
Lathyrus Aphaca, 41.
*latifolius, 41.
pratensis, 41.
sylvestris, 41.
macrorrhizus, 42.
Leguminos^e, 34.
Lemna gibba, 135.
minor, 135.
polyrrhiza, 135.
trisulca, 135.
Lemnace.e, 135.
Lentibularie^e, 102.
Leontodon autumnalis, 81.
hirtus, 81.
hispidus, 81.
•Leonurus Cardiaca, 108.
Lepidium campestre, 16
Draba, 17.
latifolium, 16.
•perfoliatum, 17.
ruderale, 16.
•sativum, 16.
Smithii, 16.
Lepigonum marginatum. 26. *
rubrum, 26.
rupestre, 27.
salinum, 26.
Lepturus filiformis, 159.
Ligustrum vulgare, 89.
Liliace^e, 130.
Limosella aquatica, 98.
•Linaria Cymbalaria, 97
Elatine, 97.
minor, 97.
viscida, 97.
vulgaris, 97.
LiNEiE, 30.
Linum angustifolium, 30
Linum catharticum, 30.
*usitatissimum, 30.
Listera cordata, 126.
ovata, 126.
Lithospermum arvense, 94.
officinale, 94.
Littorella lacustris, no.
Lolium perenne, 158.
temulentum, 159.
Lomaria Spicant, 161.
Lonicera Periclymenum, 68.
Loranthace/e, 1 18.
Lotus ccrniculatus, 39.
major, 40.
pilosus, 40.
tenuis, 40.
Luzula campestris, 134.
maxima, 133.
multiflora, 134.
pilosa, 133.
Lychnis alba, 22.
diurna, 22.
Flos-cuculi, 22.
Githago, 22.
vesper tin a, 22.
*Lycium barbarum, 96.
Lycopodiace^e, 166.
Lycopodium clavatum, 167.
inundatum, 167.
Selago, 166.
Lycopsis arvensis, 93.
Lycopus europaeus, 104.
Lysimachia nemorum, 88.
Nummularia, 88.
vulgaris, 88.
Lythrarie^e, 57.
Lythrum Salicaria, 57.
*Malva borealis, 29.
moschata, 29.
rotundifolia, 29.
sylvestris, 29.
Malvaceae, 29.
Marrubium vulgare, 106.
Marsileace^e, 167.
Matricaria Chamomilla, 75.
•discoidea, 75.
inodora, 74.
Medicago arabica, 36.
denticulata, 36.
falcata, 36.
lupulina, 36.
maculata, 36.
•minima, 36.
•sativa, 35.
Melampyrum pratense, 101.
Melica uniflora, 154.
Melilotus alba, 37.
altissima, 36.
arvensis , 37.
•messanensis, 37.
Melilotus officinalis, 37.
parviflora, 37.
Mentha aquatica, 103.
arvensis, 104.
hirsuta, 103.
piperita, 103.
Pulegium, 104.
rotundifolia, 103.
rubra, 103.
sativa, 103.
Menyanthes trifoliata, 91.
Mercurialis annua. 119.
perennis, 119.
Milium effusum, 150.
*Mimulus luteus, 98.
Moenchia erecta, 23.
Molinia ccerulea, 153.
varia, 153.
Monotrope^e, 86.
Monotropa hypopithys, 86.
Montia fontana, 27.
Myosotis arvensis, 93.
casspitosa, 93.
collina, 93.
palustris, 93.
repens, 93.
sylvatica, 93,
versicolor, 94.
Myrica Gale, 120.
Myricace^e, 120.
Myriophyllum alterniflorum, 56.
spicatum, 56.
verticillatum, 56.
Myrrhis odorata, 63.
Naiadace/e, 137.
*Narcissus biflorus, 129.
*poeticus, 129.
pseudo-narcissus, 129.
Nardus stricta, 160.
Narthecium ossifragum, 13 1.
Nasturtium amphibium, n.
officinale, 10.
palustre, n.
Neottia Nidus-avis, 126.
Nepeta Cataria, 105.
Glechoma, 105.
Nitella flexilis, 168.
opaca, 168.
translucens, 168.
Nuphar luteum, 8.
Nymphaea alba, 8.
Nymph,eace,e, 8.
(Enanthe crocata, 65.
fistulosa, 64.
Lachenalii. 64.
Phellandrium, 65.
*CEnothera biennis, 58.
Oleace^e, 89.
Onagrarie^e, 57.
Ononis repens, 35.
spinosa, 35.
Onopordon Acanthium, 78.
Ophioglossum vulgatum, 165.
Ophrys apifera, 128.
Orchide^e, 126.
Orchis incarnata, 127
latifolia, 127.
maculata, 128.
•mascula, 127.
Morio, 127.
pyramidalis, 127.
Origanum vulgare, 104.
*Ornithogalum umbellatum, 131.
*Ornithopus compressus, 40.
perpusillus, 40.
Orobanchace^e, ioi.
Orobanche amethystea, 102.
major, 101.
minor, 101.
Orobus tuberosus, 42.
Osmunda regalis, 164.
Oxalis acetosella, 32.
*corniculata, 32.
*Panicum Crus-galli, 148.
*sanguinale, 148.
Papaver Argemone, 9.
dubium, 9.
Rhaeas, 9.
*somniferum, 8.
Papaverace^e, 8.
Parietaria officinalis, 120.
Paris quadrifolia, 132.
Parnassia palustris, 54.
Pastinaca saliva , 66.
Pedicularis palustris, 101.
sylvatica, 101.
Peplis Portula, 57.
*Petasites albus, 76.
*fragrans, 75.
vulgaris, 76.
Peucedanum sativum, 66.
Phalaris arundinacea, 149.
*canariensis, 149.
*paradoxa, 149.
Phegopteris Dryopteris, 164.
polypodioides, 164.
Phleum arenaritim, 150.
pratense, 150.
Phragmites communis, 153.
Picris echioides, 80.
Pilularia globulifera, 167.
Pimpinella major, 63.
Saxifraga, 63.
Pinguicula vulgaris, 102.
Pinus sylvestris, 124.
Plantagine-e, 109.
*Plantago arenaria, no.
Coronopus, no.
lanceolata, no.
igg
antago major, 109.
maritima, no.
media, no.
PLUMBAGINEiE, 86.
Poa annua, 154.
compressa, 154.
nemoralis, 154.
*palustris, 155.
pratensis, 155.
trivialis, 155.
Polygala oxyptera, 20.
serpyllacea, 20.
vulgaris, 20.
POLYGALE.E, 20.
P OLYGONACEiE, II4.
I’olygonatum multiflorum, 130.
Polygonum amphibium, 115.
aviculare, 114.
Bistorta, 115.
Convolvulus, 114.
Hydropiper, 115.
lapathifolium, 115.
minus, 115.
Persicaria, 115.
Raii, 115.
Roberti, 114
Poly podium vulgare, 164.
Polypogon monspeliensis, 151.
Polystichum angulare, 163.
lobatum, 163.
Populus alba, 123.
canescens, 123.
*nigra, 123.
tremula, 123.
PORTDLACE^E, 27.
Potamogeton crispus, 138.
densus, 138.
heterophyllus, 137.
lucens, 138.
natans, 137.
obtusifolius, 138.
pectinatus, 139.
perfoliatus, 138.
polygonifolius, 137.
pusillus, 138.
rufescens, 137.
Potentilla anserina, 49.
argentea, 49.
Comarum, 49.
Fragariastrum, 48.
procumbens, 48.
reptans, 49.
Tormentilla, 48.
Poterium officinale. 50.
Sanguisorba, 49.
Primula veris, 87.
vulgaris, 87.
PRIMULACE/E, 87.
Prunella vulgaris, 106.
Prunus avium, 42.
Cerasus, 42.
Prunus communis, 42.
*domestica, 42.
insititia, 42.
Padus, 42.
spinosa, 42.
Psamvia arenaria, 151.
Pteris aquilina, 161.
Pulicaria dysenterica, 73.
Pyrola rotundifolia, 86.
Pyrus Aria, 52.
Aucuparia, 52.
communis, 52.
Malus, 52.
torminalis, 52.
Quercus Robur, 121.
Radiola linoides, 30.
Ranunculace^e, 3.
Ranunculus acris, 6.
arvensis, 7.
auricomus, 6.
Baudotii, 5.
bulbosus, 6.
circinatus, 4.
diversifolius, 4.
Drouetii, 4.
Ficaria, 7.
Flammula, 5.
fluitans, 4.
hederaceus, 5.
heterophyllus, 4.
hirsutus, 6.
Lenormandi, 5.
Lingua, 5.
parviflorus, 6.
peltatus, 5.
*Pennsylvanicus, 7.
repens, 6.
sardous, 6.
sceleratus, 5.
trichophyllus, 4.
Raphanus Raphanistrum, 18.
*Reseda alba, 18.
lutea, 18.
luteola, 18.
Resedace/e, 18.
Rhamne^e, 33.
Rhamnus catharticus, 33.
Frangula, 33.
Rhinanthus Crista-galli, 101.
Ribes alpinum, 54.
Grossularia, 54.
nigrum, 54.
rubrum, 54.
Rosa arvensis, 52.
canina, 51.
*cinnamomea, 52.
Crepiniana, 52.
hibernica, 50.
involuta, 50.
200
Rosa mollis, 51.
pimpinellifolia x canina, 50
rubiginosa, 51
spinosissima, 50.
tomentosa, 51.
Rosacea, 42.
Rubiaces, 68.
Rubus affinis, 43.
caesius, 47.
corylifolius, 47.
dumetorum, 46.
fuscus, 45.
gratus, 44,
Idaeus, 43.
infestus, 45.
Koehleri, 46.
lentiginosus, 44.
leucostachys, 45.
leucostachys x mercicus, 47.
Lindleianus, 44.
macrophyllus, 44.
mercicus, 44.
mucronatus, 45.
nitidus, 43.
oigoclados, 45.
pallidus, 46,
plicatus, 43.
pulcherrimus, 44.
Radula, 45.
rhamnifolius, 44.
rosaceus, 46.
rosaceus x Sprengelii, 47.
rusticanus, 44.
scaber, 46.
Sprengelii, 45.
suberectus, 43.
villicaulis, 44.
Rumex Acetosa, 117.
Acetosella, 117.
acutus, 1 16.
conglomeratus, 116.
crispus, 117.
Hydrolapathum, 117.
maritimus, 116.
obtusifolius, 1 16.
pratensis, 116.
sanguineus, 116.
Ruppia rostellata, 139.
spiralis, 139.
Ruscus aculeatus, 130.
Rhynchospora alba, 143.
Sagina apetala, 25.
ciliata, 25.
maritima, 25.
nodosa, 26.
procumbens, 25.
subulata, 25.
Sagittaria sagittifolia, 136
Salicornia berbacea, 114.
Salicines, 121.
Salix alba, 122.
aurita, 123.
Caprea, 123.
cinerea, 122:
fragilis, 122.
nigricans, 123.
pentandra, 12 1.
phylicifolia, 123.
purpurea, 122.
repens, 123.
rubra, 122.
Smithiana, 122.
triandra, 122.
viminalis, 122.
Salsola Kali, 114.
Salvia Verbenaca, 105
Sambucus Ebulus, 67.
nigra, 67.
Samolus Valerandi, 89.
Sanguisorba officinalis , 50.
Sanicula europaea, 60.
Sapindaces, 33.
Saponaria officinalis, 21.
*Vaccaria, 21.
Saxifraga granulata, 53.
tridactylites, 53
Saxifrages, 53.
Scabiosa arvensis, 71.
succisa, 70.
*Scandix australis, 64.
Pecten- Veneris, 63
Scilla nutans, 131.
Scirpus caespitosus, 141.
Caricis, 142.
fiuitans, 141.
lacustris, 141.
maritimus, 141.
pauciflorus, 140.
rufus, 142.
Savii, 141.
setaceus, 141
sylvaticus, 142.
Tabernaemontani, 141.
Scleranthus annuus, no.
Sclerochloa species, 155.
Scolopendrium vulgare, 162.
Scrophularia aquatica, 98.
nodosa, 98
SCROPHULARINES, 96.
Scutellaria galericulata, 105.
minor, 106.
Sedum acre, 55.
anglicum, 55.
*reflexum, 55.
Telephium, 55.
Selaginella selaginoides, 167.
Selaginellaces, 167.
*Sempervivum tectorum, 55.
Senebiera Coronopus, 16.
didyma, 15.
Senecio aquaticus, 77.
201
Senecio erucifolius, 76.
Jacobaea, 77.
sylvaticus, 76.
viscosus, 76.
vulgaris, 76.
Serratula tinctoria, 78.
*Setaria glauca, 149.
viridis, 149.
Sherardia arvensis, 69.
Sieglingia decumbens, 153.
Silaus pratensis, 65.
Silene Cucubalus, 21.
*dichotoma, 22.
gallica 22.
inflata, 21.
maritima, 22.
noctiflora, 22.
nutans, 22.
*Silybum Marianum, 78.
Sinapis arvensis , 15.
Sison Amomum, 62.
Sisymbrium Alliaria, 14.
officinale, 13.
*pannonicum, 14.
Sophia, 14.
Thaliana, 13
Sium erectum, 62.
Smyrnium olusatrum, 60.
SOLAN ACEoE, 95.
Solanum Dulcamara, 95.
nigrum, 95.
*rostratum, 96.
Solidago Virgaurea, 71.
Sonchus arvensis, 82.
asper, 82.
oleraceus, 82.
Sparganium minimum, 134.
racemosum, 134.
simplex, 134.
Specularia hybrida, 84.
Spergula arvensis, 26.
*Spiraea salicifolia, 43.
Ulmaria, 43.
Spiranthes autumnalis, 126.
Stachys ambigua, 107.
annua, 107.
arvensis, 107.
Betonica, 106.
palustris, 107.
sylvatica, 107.
Statice auriculaefolia, 87.
Limonium, 86.
rariflora, 86.
Stellaria aquatica, 23.
graminea, 24.
Holostea, 24.
media, 24.
nemorum, 24,
palustris, 24.
uliginosa, 24.
umbrosa, 24.
Stratiotes aloides, 126.
Suaeda maritima, 114.
*Symphoricarpus racemosus, 68
Symphytum officinale, 92.
Tamus communis, 130.
Tanacetum vulgare, 75.
Taraxacum officinale, 81.
Taxus baccata, 124.
Teesdalia nudicaulis, 17.
Teucrium Scorodonia, 109.
Thalictrum flavum, 3.
minus, 3.
Thlaspi arvense, 17.
Thrincia hirta, 81.
ThymeLoEacEo®, 117.
Thymus Chamaedrys, 104.
Serpyllum, 104.
Tilia cordata, 29.
platyphyllos, 29.
'"vulgaris, 29.
Tiliaceo®, 29.
Torilis species, 66.
*Tragopogon porrifolium, 83
pratensis, 83.
* Trifolium agrarium, 39.
arvense, 38.
dubium, 39.
filiforme, 39.
fragiferum, 39.
*hybridum, 38.
*incarnatum, 38.
medium, 38.
minus, 39.
ochroleucum, 38.
pratense, 37.
procumbens, 39.
repens, 39.
*resupinatum, 39.
striatum, 38.
subterraneum, 37.
Triglochin maritimum, 137.
palustre, 137.
*Trigonella foenum-graecum, 35.
purpurascens, 35.
Triodia decumbens, 153.
Trisetum flavescens, 152.
Triticum species, 159.
Tussilago Farfara, 75.
Typha angustifolia, 134.
latifolia, 134.
Typhace/e.
Ulex europaeus, 34.
Gallii, 34.
Ulmus campestris, 119.
montana, 119.
Umbelliferous, 59.
Urtica dioica, 119.
•pilulifera, 120.
urens, 120.
202
URTICACE.E, 119.
Utricularia minor, 102.
vulgaris, 102.
Vaccinium Myrtillus, 85.
Oxycoccos, 85.
Vitis-idaea, 85.
Vacciniace^;, 85.
Valeriana dioica, 69.
officinalis, 69.
VALERIANEyE, 69.
Valerianella dentata, 70.
olitoria, 70.
Verbascum Blattaria, 97.
nigrum, 97.
Thapsus, 96.
virgatum, 97.
Verbena officinalis, 102.
VERBENACEiE, 102.
Veronica agrestis, 98.
Anagallis, 100.
arvensis, 99.
Beccabunga, 100.
* Buxbaumii, 99.
Chamaedrys, 99.
hederaefolia, 98.
montana, 99.
officinalis, 99.
*persica, 99.
polita, 98.
scutellata, 99.
Veronica serpyllifolia, 99.
Viburnum Opulus, 68.
Vicia angustifolia, 41.
Cracca, 40.
hirsuta, 40.
lathyroides, 41.
lutea, 41.
*sativa, 41.
sepium, 41.
tetrasperma, 40.
*villosa, 41.
Vinca minor, 90.
*major, 89.
Viola arvensis, 19.
canina, 19.
carpatica, 19.
Curtisii, 20.
odorata, 18.
palustris, 18.
sylvatica, 19.
tricolor, 19.
ViolarieJe, 18.
Viscum album, 118.
Wahlenbergia hederacea, 83
*Xanthium spinosum, 73.
Zannichellia palustris, 139.
pedunculata, 139.
Zostera marina, 139.
POPULAR NAMES.
Adder’s Tongue, 165.
Agrimony, 49.
Agrimony, Hemp, 71.
Alder, 121.
Alexanders, 60.
Alkanet, 93.
Allgood, 1 12.
Allseed, 30.
Alyssum, 12.
Amaranth, hi.
Ammi, Great, 62.
Anemone, 3.
Angelica, 65.
Apple, 52.
Arrow-grass, 137.
Arrow-head, 136.
Ash, 89.
Ash, Mountain, 52.
Asparagus, 130.
Aspen, 123.
Asphodel, 131.
Avens, 48.
Balsam, 32.
Barberry, 8.
Barley, 160.
Bartsia, 100.
Basil, 105.
Bastard Pimpernel, 89.
Beak-Sedge, 143.
Beam Tree, 52.
Bedstraw, 68.
Beech, 121.
Bee Orchid, 128.
Bell Flower, 83.
Betony, Water, 98.
Betony, Wood, 106.
Bilberry or Blaeberry, 85.
Birch, 120.
Bird’s Foot, 40.
Bird’s Foot Fenugreek, 35.
Bird’s Foot Trefoil, 39.
Bird’s Nest Orchid, 126.
Bird’s Nest, Yellow, 86.
Bistort, 1 1 5.
Blackberry or Bramble, 43.
Black Bindweed, 114.
Black Saltwort, 88.
Blackthorn, 42.
Bladderwort, 102.
203
Blinks, Water, 27.
Bluebell, 131.
Bluebottle, Corn, 79.
Blysmus, 142.
Bog- Asphodel, 131.
Bogbean or Buckbean, 91.
Bog Myrtle, 120.
Borage, 92.
Bracken or Brake Fern, 161.
Bristly Ox-Tongue, 80.
Brooklime, 100.
Brookweed, 89.
Broom, 35.
Broom-rape, 101.
Briony, Black, 130.
Briony, White, 59.
Buckthorn, 33.
Buckthorn, Sea, 117.
Buckwheat, 116.
Bugle, 109.
Buglos, Small, 93.
Buglos, Viper’s, 94.
Bullace, 42.
Bullrush, 141.
Burdock, 77.
Bur-Marigold, 73.
Burnet, 49.
Burnet-Saxifrage, 63.
Bur-reed, 134.
Butter-bur, 76.
Buttercup, 6.
Butterfly Orchid, 128.
Butterwort, 102.
Butcher’s Broom, 130.
Button, Yellow, 83.
Cabbage, Hare’s-ear, 14.
Cabbage, Isle of Man, 15.
Calamint, 105.
Calathian Violet, 91.
Caltrops, 79.
Camomile, 74.
Campion, 22.
Canterbury Bell, 84.
Caraway, 62.
Carline Thistle, 77.
Carrot, 66.
Catchfly, 21.
Catmint, 105.
Cat’s-ear, 81.
Celandine, Greater, 9.
Celandine, Lesser, 7.
Celery, 61.
Centaury, 90.
Centaury, Yellow, 90.
Chara, 167.
Charlock, 15.
Cherry, 42.
Chervil, 63.
Chestnut, Horse, 34.
Chestnut, Sweet, 121.
Chickweed, 23.
Chicory, 79.
Cicely, Sweet, 63.
Cinquefoil, 49.
Clary, English, 105.
Claytonia, 27.
Cleavers, 69.
Clover, 37.
Clubmoss, 166.
Club-rush, 140.
Coltsfoot, 75.
Coltsfoot, Sweet scented, 75.
Columbine, 7.
Comfrey, 92.
Convolvulus, 94.
Coriander, 64.
Corn Bluebottle, 79.
Corn Cockle, 22.
Cornel, 67.
Cotton-grass, 142.
Cowberry, 85.
Cowslip, 87.
Cow- wheat, 101.
Crab-apple, 52.
Cranberry, 85.
Crane’s Bill, 30.
Creeping Jenny, 88.
Cress, 10.
Great Yellow, 11.
Penny, 17.
Rock, 11.
Shepherd’s, 17.
Thale, 13.
Wart, 15.
Winter, n.
Crocus, 129.
Crowberry, 123.
Crowfoot, 6.
Cuckoo-flower, 12.
Cuckoo-pint, 135.
Cudweed, 72.
Currant, 54.
Daffodil, 129.
Daisy, 71.
Michaelmas, 71.
Ox-eye, 74.
Dandelion, 81.
Danewort, 67.
Darnel, 159.
Deadnettle, 108.
Dewberry, 47.
Dittander, 16.
Dock, 1 16.
Dodder, 95.
Dog’s Mercury, 119.
Dogwood, 67.
Duckweed, 135.
Dwarf Red Rattle, 101.
Dyer’s Greenweed, 34.
Dyer’s Weed, 18.
Earth-Nut, 63.
204
Elder, 67.
Good-King-Henry, 112.
Elecampane, 72.
Gooseberry, 54
Elm, 119.
Goosefoot, hi.
Enchanter’s Nightshade, 58.
Goosegrass, 69.
English Clary, 105.
Gorse or Whin, 34.
Evening Primrose, 58.
Gout- weed, 63.
Everlasting Pea, 41.
Grass, Beard-, 151.
Eyebright, 100.
Bent-, 150.
Eyebright, Red, 100.
Bristle-, 149
Brome-, 157.
Fennel, 64.
Canary-, 149.
Fern, Adderstongue, 165.
Cats-tail-, 150.
Beech, 164.
Cocks-foot-, 154.
Brake, 161.
Couch-, 159.
Brittle Bladder, 162.
Crested Hair-, 153.
Hard, 161.
Dogs-tail-, 153.
Hartstongue, 162.
False Brome-, 138.
Lady, 162.
False Oat-, 153.
Male, 163.
Fescue-, 156.
Moon wort, 165.
Fox-tail-, 149.
Oak, 164.
Hair-, 151.
Polypody, 164.
Hard-, 159.
Prickly Shield, 163.
Heath-, 153.
Royal, 164.
Mat-, 160.
.Shield, 163.
Meadow-, 154.
Spleenwort, 161.
Melic-, 154.
Sweet Mountain, 163.
Millet-, 150.
Fevertew, 74.
Oat-, 152.
Field Madder, 69.
Panic-, 148.
Figwort, 98.
Purple Heath-, 153.
Fir, 124.
Quaking-, 154.
Flag, Yellow, 129.
Reed Canary-, 149.
Flag, Sweet, 135.
Rye-, 158.
Flax, 30.
Flaxseed, 30.
Sea Lyme-, 160.
Sea Meadow-, 156.
Fleabane, Blue, 71.
Soft-, 152.
Fleabane, Yellow, 73.
Vernal-, 149.
Flixweed, 14.
Water Whorl-, 154.
Flowering Rush, 136.
Wheat Meadow-, 156.
Fluellin, 97.
Wind-, 151.
Fool’s Parsley, 65.
Grass of Parnassus, 54.
Forget-me-not, 93.
Grass- wrack, 139.
Foxglove, 98.
Gromwell, 94.
Frogbit, 125.
Ground Ivy, 105.
Frog Orchid, 128.
Groundsel, 76.
Fumitory, 9.
Furze or Whin, 34.
Guelder-Rose, 68.
Hairbell, 84.
Garlic, 13 1.
Hairy Tare, 40.
Garlic-mustard, 14.
Haresear, 60.
Gentian, 91.
Hawkbit, 81.
Geology of the Liverpool District,
Hawksbeard, 80.
169
Hawkweed, 80.
Geranium, 30.
Hawthorn, 53.
Gipsy-wort, 104.
Hazel, 121.
Glass-wort, 114.
Goatsbeard, 83.
Heartsease, 19.
Heath, 85.
Gold-of- Pleasure, 14.
Heather, 85.
Golden-rod, 71.
Helleborine, 126.
Golden-saxifrage, 53.
Hemlock, 60
Goldilocks, 6.
Hemlock, W'ater, 61.
205
Hemp- Agrimony, 71.
Hemp-Nettle, 107.
Henbane, 96.
Herb-Paris, 132.
Herb-Robert, 31.
Holly, 32.
Honeysuckle, 68
Hop, 1 19.
Horehound, Black, 109.
Water, 104.
White, 106.
Marigold, Marsh, 7.
Marjoram, 104.
May, 53.
Mayweed, 74.
Meadow Rue, 3.
Meadow Sweet, 43.
Medick, 36.
Melilot, 36.
Mercury, Dog’s-, 119.
Meteorological Notes, 177
Mignonette, 18.
Hornbeam, 121.
Milfoil or Yarrow, 73.
Horned Pondweed, 139.
Milfoil, Water-, 56.
Horn-wort, 124.
Milkwort, 20.
Horsetail, 165.
Milkwort, Sea, 88.
Horse Chestnut, 34.
Millet, 150.
Hound’s Tongue, 92.
Mint, 103.
House Leek, 55.
Mistletoe, 118.
Hyacinth, 13 1.
Moenchia, 23.
Iris, Yellow, 129.
Ivy, 67.
Moneywort, 88.
Monkey-flower, 98
Monkshood, 7.
Ivy, Ground, 105.
Moonwort, 165.
Jack-by-the-Hedge, 14.
Moschatel, 67.
Motherwort, 108.
Knapweed, 78.
Mountain Ash, 52.
Mountain Everlasting, 72.
Knawel, no.
Knee-Holly, 130.
Mouse-ear-Chickweed, 23.
Mud wort, 98.
Knot-grass, 114.
Mugwort, 75.
Lady’s Fingers, 39.
Mullein, 96.
Mustard, 15.
Lady’s Mantle, 49.
Hedge, 13.
Lady’s Smock, 12.
Treacle Hedge, 14.
Lady’s Tresses, 126.
Wall or Sand, 15
Lamb’s Lettuce, 70.
Myrtle, Bog, 120.
Larch, 124.
Larkspur, 7.
Narcissus, 129.
Lavender, Sea, 86.
Navelwort, 54.
Leek, 131.
Nettle, 119.
Lent Lily, 129.
Nettle, Dead-, 108.
Leopard’s Bane, 76.
Nightshade, 95.
Lettuce, 82.
Nightshade, Enchanter’s, 58.
Lily of the Valley, 130.
Nipple-wort, 80.
Ling, 85.
Nitella, 168.
Lime or Linden, 29.
Livelong, 55.
Oak, 121.
Loosestrife, Purple, 57.
Loosestrife, Yellow, 88.
Oat, 152.
Orache, 113.
Lords and Ladies, 135.
Orchid, 127.
Lousewort, 101.
Orpine, 55.
Lucerne, 35,
Osier, 122.
Madder, Field, 69
Ox-eye Daisy, 74.
Ox-tongue, Bristly, 80.
Madwort, 92.
Mallow, 29.
Pansy, 19.
Maple, 33.
Parnassus, Grass of, 52.
Marestail, 56.
Parsley, 62.
Marguerite Daisy, 74.
Beaked, 64.
Marigold Corn, 74.
Fool’s, 65.
Marigold, Bur-, 73.
Hedge, 66.
2o6
\
Parsley Piert, 49.
Rush, 132
Parsnep, 66.
Bull-, 141.
Cow, 66.
Club-, 140.
Water, 62.
Flowering, 136.
Pear, 52.
Wood-, 133.
Pearlwort, 25.
Pelitory-of-the-Wall, 120.
Sage, 105.
Pennyroyal, 104.
Sage, Wood, 109.
Pennywort, 59.
Sallow, 122.
Peppermint, 103.
Saltwort, Black, 88.
Pepper, Water-, 115.
Saltwort, Prickly, 114.
Pepper-wort, 16.
Sandwort, 24.
Perfoliate Yellow-wort, 90.
Sanicle, 60.
Periwinkle, 89.
Saw-wort, 78.
Persicaria, 115.
Saxifrage, 53.
Pheasant’s Eye, 4
Saxifrage, Golden, 53.
Pilewort, 7.
Scabious, 70.
Pillwort, 167.
Scabious, Sheepsbit, 83.
Pimpernel, 88.
Scorpion- grass, 93.
Pimpernel, Bastard, 89.
Scurvy-grass, 13.
Pimpernel, Yellow, 88.
Sea-Blite, 114.
Sea-Buckthorn, 117.
Pink, 20.
Pink, Sea, 87.
Sea-Holly, 59.
Plantain, 109.
Sea-Lavender, 86.
Plantain, Water, 136.
Sea-Milkwort, 88.
Plum, 42.
Sea-Pink, 87.
Polypody, 164.
Sedge, 143.
Pondweed, 137.
Sedge, Beak-, 143.
Pondweed, Horned, 139.
Self-heal, 106.
Pondweed, Tassel, 139.
Service Tree, 52.
Shepherd’s Purse, 15.
Poor-man’s-weatherglass, 88.
Poplar, 123.
Shoreweed, no.
Poppy, 8.
Silverweed, 49.
Poppy, Horned, 9.
Skull-Cap, 105.
Primrose, 87.
Sloe, 42.
Primrose, Evening, 58.
Snake-weed, 115.
Privet, 89.
Snapdragon, 97.
Purslane, Sea, 25, 114.
Sneezewort, 73.
Purslane, Water, 57.
Snowball Tree, 68.
Radish, 18.
Snowdrop, 129.
Soapwort, 21.
Ragged Robin, 22.
Solomon’s Seal, 130.
Ragwort, 76.
Sorrel, 117.
Ramsons, 131.
Sorrel, Wood, 32.
Rape, 14.
Sow-bane, 112.
Raspberry, 43.
Sow-Thistle, 82.
Rattle, Dwarf Red, 101.
Spear-wort, 5
Rattle, Yellow, 101.
Speedwell, 98.
Reed, 153.
Spindle-Tree, 33.
Bur-, 134.
Spleen wort, 161.
Sea-, 15 1.
Spurge, 1 18.
Small-, 151.
Spurge Laurel, 117.
Reedmiace, 134.
Spurrey, 26.
’Rest-Harrow, 35.
Squill, 131.
Rocket, Sea, 17.
Star-of-Bethlehem, 131.
Rocket, Yellow, 11.
Star-Thistle, 79.
Rose, 50.
Starwort, Water-, 57.
Rose Bay, 57.
Stitchwort, 24.
Rosemary, 85.
St. John’s Wort, 28.
Rowan, 52.
Stonecrop, 55.
Ruppia, 139.
Stonewort, 62.
20 7
Stork’s-bill, 32.
Strawberry, 48.
Strawberry, Barren, 48.
Succory, 79.
Sulphur-wort, 65.
Sundew, 55.
Sweet Briar, 51.
Sweet Cicely, 63.
Sweet Flag, 135.
Sweet Gale, 120.
Sweet Woodruff, 69.
Sycamore, 33.
Tansy, 75.
Tare, 40.
Tea-plant, 96.
Teasel, 70.
Thistle, Carline, 77.
Milk, 78.
Musk, 77.
Plume, 78.
Scotch, 78.
Sow, 82.
Star, 79.
Thorn-Apple, 96.
Thorn, Black, 42.
Thorn, White, 53.
Thrift, 87.
Thyme, 104.
Thyme, Water-, 125.
Toadflax, 97.
Tormentil, 48.
Traveller’s Joy, 3.
Trefoil or Clover, 37.
Turnip, 15.
Tutsan, 27.
T way blade, 126.
Valerian, 69.
Valerian, Red Spur, 70.
Venus’ Comb, 63.
Venus’ Looking Glass, 84.
Vervain, 102.
Vetch, 41.
Vetchling, 41.
Violet, 18.
Violet, Dame’s, 13.
Violet, Water, 87.
Viper’s Buglos, 94.
Wallflower, 10.
Water-Blinks, 27.
Water-Cress, 10.
Water-Crowfoot, 4.
Water-Drop wort, 64.
Water Fennel, 4.
Water-Hore-hound, 104.
Water-Lily, 8.
Water-Parsnep, 62.
Water-Pepper, 115.
Water-Plantain, 136.
Water-Soldier, 126.
Water-Thyme, 125.
Water-Violet, 87.
Water-Wort, 27.
Weld or Woad, 18.
Wheat, 159.
Whin or Furze, 34.
Whinberry or Whortleberry, 85.
White Beam Tree, 52.
White Thorn, 53.
Whitlow-grass, 12.
Willow, 12 1.
Willow, Flowering, 57.
Willow-Herb, 57.
Winter-green, 86.
Winter-Heliotrope, 75.
Wood Anemone, 3.
Woodbine, 68.
Wood rufl, 69
Wood-Rush, 133.
Wood Sage, 109.
Wood Sanicle, 60,
Wormwood, 75.
Woundwort, 107.
Yarrow or Milfoil, 73.
Yellow Birdsnest, 86.
Yellow Button, 83.
Yellow Rattle, 101.
Yellow- wort, 90.
Yew, 124.
b. MARPLES AND CO., PRINTERS, LORD STREET, LIVERPOOL.
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